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PT J
AU Khan, MNI
   Suwa, R
   Hagihara, A
TI Allometric relationships for estimating the aboveground phytomass and
   leaf area of mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce trees in the Manko
   Wetland, Okinawa Island, Japan
SO TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
LA English
DT Article
AB Allometric relationships for estimating the phytomass of aboveground
   organs (stem, branches, leaves and their sum) and the leaf area in the
   mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce were investigated. The variable
   (D0.1H)-H-2 (D-0.1 stem diameter at a height of H/10, H tree height)
   showed better accuracy of estimation than D-2 (D, DBH) or (DH)-H-2. A
   moderate relationship was found when the branch weight, leaf weight and
   leaf area were plotted against D-B(2) (D-B stem diameter at a height of
   clear bole length). A strong linear relationship was found between leaf
   area and leaf weight (R-2=0.979). The aboveground weight (w(T)) showed
   a strong relationship when plotted against (D0.1H)-H-2 (R-2=0.958), but
   very weak relationships were obtained against D-2 (R-2=0.300) and
   (DH)-H-2 (R-2=0.316). The w(T) also showed a proportional relationship
   (R-2=0.978) to (D0.1H)-H-2 with a proportional constant of 0.04117 kg
   cm(-2) m(-1) supercript stop (R-2=0.978). Taking into account the
   allometric relationships of the weight of aboveground organs or leaf
   area per tree to different dimensions, such as D-2, (DH)-H-2, D-B(2)
   and (D0.1H)-H-2, a standard procedure for estimating the biomass and
   leaf area index in the K. candel stand, including the shorter trees, is
   proposed.
PD MAY
PY 2005
VL 19
IS 3
BP 266
EP 272
UT ISI:000229510100003
ER

PT J
AU West, GB
   Brown, JH
TI The origin of allometric scaling laws in biology from genomes to
   ecosystems: towards a quantitative unifying theory of biological
   structure and organization
SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Review
AB Life is the most complex physical phenomenon in the Universe,
   manifesting an extraordinary diversity of form and function over an
   enormous scale from the largest animals and plants to the smallest
   microbes and subcellular units. Despite this many of its most
   fundamental and complex phenomena scale with size in a surprisingly
   simple fashion. For example, metabolic rate scales as the 3/4-power of
   mass over 27 orders of magnitude, from molecular and intracellular
   levels up to the largest organisms. Similarly, time-scales (such as
   lifespans and growth rates) and sizes (such as bacterial genome
   lengths, tree heights and mitochondrial densities) scale with exponents
   that are typically simple powers of 1/4. The universality and
   simplicity of these relationships suggest that fundamental universal
   principles underly much of the coarse-grained generic structure and
   organisation of living systems. We have proposed a set of principles
   based on the observation that almost all life is sustained by
   hierarchical branching networks, which we assume have invariant
   terminal units, are space-filling and are optimised by the process of
   natural selection. We show how these general constraints explain
   quarter power scaling and lead to a quantitative, predictive theory
   that captures many of the essential features of diverse biological
   systems. Examples considered include animal circulatory systems, plant
   vascular systems, growth, mitochondrial densities, and the concept of a
   universal molecular clock. Temperature considerations, dimensionality
   and the role of invariants are discussed. Criticisms and controversies
   associated with this approach are also addressed.
PD MAY
PY 2005
VL 208
IS 9
BP 1575
EP 1592
UT ISI:000229454300009
ER

PT J
AU White, CR
   Seymour, RS
TI Allometric scaling of mammalian metabolism
SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Review
AB The importance of size as a determinant of metabolic rate (MR) was
   first suggested by Sarrus and Rameaux over 160 years ago. Max Rubner's
   finding of a proportionality between MR and body surface area in dogs
   (in 1883) was consistent with Sarrus and Rameaux's formulation and
   suggested a proportionality between MR and body mass (M-b) raised to
   the power of 2/3. However, interspecific analyses compiled during the
   first half of the 20th century concluded that mammalian basal MR (BMR,
   ml O(2)h(-1)) was proportional to Mb(3/4), a viewpoint that persisted
   for seven decades, even leading to its common application to
   non-mammalian groups. Beginning in 1997, the field was re-invigorated
   by three new theoretical explanations for 3/4-power BMR scaling.
   However, the debate over which theory accurately explains 3/4-power
   scaling may be premature, because some authors maintain that there is
   insufficient evidence to adopt an exponent of 3/4 over 2/3. If progress
   toward understanding the non-isometric scaling of BMR is ever to be
   made, it is first essential to know what the relationship actually is.
   We re-examine previous investigations of BMR scaling by standardising
   units and recalculating regression statistics. The proportion of large
   herbivores in a data set is positively correlated both with the scaling
   exponent (b, where BMR=aMbb) and the coefficient of variation (CV: the
   standard deviation of In-In residuals) of the relationship. Inclusion
   of large herbivores therefore both inflates b and increases variation
   around the calculated trendline. This is related to the long fast
   duration required to achieve the postabsorptive conditions required for
   determination of BMR, and because peak post-feeding resting MR (RMRpp)
   scales with an exponent of 0.75 +/- 0.03 (95% CI). Large herbivores are
   therefore less likely to be postabsorptive when MR is measured, and are
   likely to have a relatively high MR if not postabsorptive.
   The 3/4 power scaling of RMRpp is part of a wider trend where, with the
   notable exception of cold-induced maximum MR (b=0.65 +/- 0.05), b is
   positively correlated with the elevation of the relationship (higher MR
   values scale more steeply). Thus exercise-induced maximum MR (b=0.87
   0.05) scales more steeply than RMRpp, field MR (b=0.73 +/- 0.04),
   thermoneutral resting MR (RMRt, b=0.712 +/- 0.013) and BMR. The
   implication of this observation is that contamination of BMR data with
   non-basal measurements is likely to increase the BMR scaling exponent
   even if the contamination is randomly distributed with respect to M-b.
   Artificially elevated scaling exponents can therefore be accounted for
   by the inclusion of measurements that fail to satisfy the requirements
   for basal metabolism, which are strictly defined (adult,
   non-reproductive, postabsorptive animals resting in a thermoneutral
   environment during the inactive circadian phase). Similarly, a positive
   correlation between Mb and body temperature (T-b) and between Tb and
   mass-independent BMR contributes to elevation of b. While not strictly
   a defined condition for the measurement of BMR, the normalisation of
   BMR measurements to a common Tb (36.2 degrees C) to achieve standard
   metabolic rate (SMR) further reduces the CV of the relationship.
   Clearly the value of the exponent depends on the conditions under which
   the data are selected. The exponent for true BMR is 0.686 (+/- 0.014),
   Tb normalised SMR is 0.675 (0.013) and RMRt is 0.712 (0.013). PD MAY PY 2005 VL 208 IS 9 BP 1611 EP 1619 UT ISI:000229454300012 ER

PT J
AU Chaui-Berlinck, JG
   Navas, CA
   Monteiro, LHA
   Bicudo, JEPW
TI Control of metabolic rate is a hidden variable in the allometric
   scaling of homeotherms
SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Review
AB The allometric scaling exponent of the relationship between standard
   metabolic rate (SMR) and body mass for homeotherms has a long history
   and has been subject to much debate. Provided the external and internal
   conditions required to measure SMR are met, it is tacitly assumed that
   the metabolic rate (B) converges to SMR. If SMR does indeed represent a
   local minimum, then short-term regulatory control mechanisms should not
   operate to sustain it. This is a hidden assumption in many published
   articles aiming to explain the scaling exponent in terms of physical
   and morphological constraints. This paper discusses the findings of a
   minimalist body temperature (T-b) control model in which short-term
   controlling operations, related to the difference between Tb and the
   set-point temperatures by specific gains and time delays in the control
   loops, are described by a system of differential equations of T-b, B
   and thermal conductance. We found that because the gains in the control
   loops tend to increase as body size decreases (i.e. changes in B and
   thermal conductance are speeded-up in small homeotherms), the
   equilibrium point of the system potentially changes from asymptotically
   stable to a centre, transforming B and T-b in oscillating variables.
   Under these specific circumstances the very concept of SMR no longer
   makes sense. A series of empirical reports of metabolic rate in very
   small homeotherms supports this theoretical prediction, because in
   these animals B seems not to converge to a SMR value. We conclude that
   the unrestricted use of allometric equations to relate metabolic rate
   to body size might be misleading because metabolic control itself
   experiences size effects that are overlooked in ordinary allometric
   analysis.
PD MAY
PY 2005
VL 208
IS 9
BP 1709
EP 1716
UT ISI:000229454300022
ER

PT J
AU Martin, RD
   Genoud, M
   Hemelrijk, CK
TI Problems of allometric scaling analysis: Examples from mammalian
   reproductive biology
SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Review
AB Biological scaling analyses employing the widely used bivariate
   allometric model are beset by at least four interacting problems: (1)
   choice of an appropriate best-fit line with due attention to the
   influence of outliers; (2) objective recognition of divergent subsets
   in the data (allometric grades); (3) potential restrictions on
   statistical independence resulting from phylogenetic inertia; and (4)
   the need for extreme caution in inferring causation from correlation. A
   new non-parametric line-fitting technique has been developed that
   eliminates requirements for normality of distribution, greatly reduces
   the influence of outliers and permits objective recognition of grade
   shifts in substantial datasets. This technique is applied in scaling
   analyses of mammalian gestation periods and of neonatal body mass in
   primates. These analyses feed into a re-examination, conducted with
   partial correlation analysis, of the maternal energy hypothesis
   relating to mammalian brain evolution, which suggests links between
   body size and brain size in neonates and adults, gestation period and
   basal metabolic rate. Much has been made of the potential problem of
   phylogenetic inertia as a confounding factor in scaling analyses.
   However, this problem may be less severe than suspected earlier because
   nested analyses of variance conducted on residual variation (rather
   than on raw values) reveals that there is considerable variance at low
   taxonomic levels. In fact, limited divergence in body size between
   closely related species is one of the prime examples of phylogenetic
   inertia. One common approach to eliminating perceived problems of
   phylogenetic inertia in allometric analyses has been calculation of
   'independent contrast values'. It is demonstrated that the reasoning
   behind this approach is flawed in several ways. Calculation of contrast
   values for closely related species of similar body size is, in fact,
   highly questionable, particularly when there are major deviations from
   the best-fit line for the scaling relationship under scrutiny. PD MAY PY 2005 VL 208 IS 9 BP 1731 EP 1747 UT ISI:000229454300024 ER

PT J
AU White, CR
TI The allometry of burrow geometry
SO JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY
LA English
DT Review
AB The allometric relationship between body mass and burrow
   cross-sectional area for burrowing animals holds across greater than
   six orders of magnitude variation in body mass, and includes species
   separated by > 500 million years of evolution from two phyla
   (Arthropoda and Chordata), seven classes (Arachnida, Insecta,
   Malacostraca, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, and Mammalia) and both
   terrestrial and marine habitats. Only birds, which construct relatively
   large burrows, and vermiform animals, which construct relatively narrow
   burrows, are separated from the remaining burrowing species. No
   difference is found between fossorial (burrowing animals that forage
   beneath the soil surface) and semi-fossorial (burrowing animals that
   forage terrestrially) mammals, suggesting that subterranean foragers do
   not modify burrow cross-sectional area to increase energy yields.
   However, solitary fossorial mammals do construct significantly larger
   nest chambers than serni-fossorial and colonial fossorial mammals.
   These large nest chambers probably assist in maintaining body
   temperature by providing a better thermally insulated microenvironment.
   This offsets the thermoregulatory problems faced by these animals,
   which are characterized by low, labile body temperatures and poor
   thermoregulatory ability. Colonial fossorial mammals, on the other
   hand, construct nest chambers that are the same relative size as those
   constructed by semi-fossorial mammals and probably maintain homeothermy
   by huddling with endothermic nest-mates.
PD APR
PY 2005
VL 265
PN Part 4
BP 395
EP 403
UT ISI:000228683700009
ER

PT J
AU Peck, MA
   Buckley, LJ
   Bengtson, DA
TI Effects of temperature, body size and feeding on rates of metabolism in
   young-of-the-year haddock
SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB The mean rate of oxygen consumption (routine respiration rate, R-R, mg
   O-2 fish(-1) h(-1)), measured for individual or small groups of haddock
   Melanogrammus aeglefinus (3-12cm standard length, L-S) maintained for 5
   days within flow-through respiratory chambers at four different
   temperatures, increased with increasing dry mass (MD). The relationship
   between RR and MD was allometric (R-R=alpha M-b) with b values of
   0.631, 0.606, 0.655 and 0.650 at 5.0, 8.0, 12.0 and 15.0 degrees C,
   respectively. The effect of temperature (T) and M-D on mean R-R was
   described by R-R = 0.387(.)M(D)(0.630 .)e(T.0.082) (n = 82, r(2) =
   0.896) indicating a Q(10) of 2.27 between 5 and 15 degrees C. Juvenile
   haddock routine metabolic scope, calculated as the ratio of the mean of
   highest and lowest deciles of R-R measured in each chamber,
   significantly decreased with temperature such that the routine scope at
   15 degrees C was half that at 5 degrees C. The cost of feeding (RSDA)
   was c. 3% of consumed food energy, a value half that found for larger
   gadoid juveniles and adults. (c) 2005 The Fisheries Society of the
   British Isles.
PD APR
PY 2005
VL 66
IS 4
BP 911
EP 923
UT ISI:000228428800002
ER

PT J
AU Loison, A
   Strand, O
TI Allometry and variability of resource allocation to reproduction in a
   wild reindeer population
SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY
LA English
DT Review
AB The differential allocation of energy to either reproduction or
   survival represents a major conflict with important implications for
   patterns of life history. Here, we explore how covariation between
   maternal body weight and fetal weight vary according to fetal sex in a
   wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) population during two contrasting
   years. Maternal weights differed during the 2 years, probably because
   of a difference in population density. We could not detect any change
   in the allocation to reproduction depending on female phenotypic
   distribution. Male fetuses were heavier than female fetuses, with the
   same relative dimorphism in both years. There was no support for a
   correlation between the sex of the fetus carried by a female and her
   weight. Our results suggest that the level of resource allocation to
   reproduction during the prenatal period is strongly determined by
   female body weight and the allometric relationship between body weight
   and metabolic rate. We discuss the consequences of our results for
   population dynamics. We call for an integration of inter- and
   intraspecific allometric approaches to better understand constraints
   and variation in life-history traits.
PD MAY
PY 2005
VL 16
IS 3
BP 624
EP 633
UT ISI:000228402100016
ER

PT J
AU Peck, WA
   Clemmesen, C
   Herrmann, JP
TI Ontogenic changes in the allometric scaling of the mass and length
   relationship in Sprattus sprattus
SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB An analysis of mass (AY) and standard length (L-S) data for larval,
   juvenile and adult sprat (Sprattus spratius; Clupeidae) revealed marked
   changes in the allometric scaling factor (b in M= aL(s)(b)). For sprat
   < 44mm L-S, b was 5.0, whereas in larger juveniles and adults, b was c.
   3-4 indicating a relatively protracted metamorphic period for this
   species. (c) 2005 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. PD MAR PY 2005 VL 66 IS 3 BP 882 EP 887 UT ISI:000228111300024 ER

PT J
AU Diniz, JAF
   Carvalho, P
   Bini, LM
   Torres, NM
TI Macroecology, geographic range size-body size relationship and minimum
   viable population analysis for new world carnivora
SO ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Macroecology deals with variation and covariation of complex variables,
   such as body size, population density and geographic range size (GRS),
   measured across species at broad spatial scales. Despite the increasing
   number of papers in this field, little attention has been given to the
   links between patterns at different scales. In this paper, we analysed
   the constraint envelope formed by the macroecological relationship
   between GRS and body size for 70 species of New World terrestrial
   Carnivora. The lower-right constraint line of this envelope is usually
   interpreted as the minimum viable GRS that keeps extinction risks
   relatively low across evolutionary time, and in this paper we fitted
   this line by multiplying average home range size (established by
   allometric equations) by different minimum viable population sizes,
   establishing a minimum viable GRS. Then we estimated the difference
   between actual geographical range size and minimum viable geographical
   range size, in log scale (DeltaA), which indicates how large is the
   geographic range of a species in relation to the minimum necessary to
   its long-term persistence. These DeltaA values are significantly
   correlated with extinction risk defined by IUCN threat categories, even
   after keeping geographical range size constant and after taking into
   account phylogenetic structure in data. This gives support to the
   minimum viable population model explaining the relationship between GRS
   and body size and highlights a way to use constraint envelopes to
   evaluate the influence of complex variables to predict extinction
   risks. (C) 2004 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.
PD JAN-FEB
PY 2005
VL 27
IS 1
BP 25
EP 30
UT ISI:000227237600004
ER

PT J
AU Young, KA
TI Life-history variation and allometry for sexual size dimorphism in
   Pacific salmon and trout
SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY  B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
LA English
DT Article
AB Allometry for sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is common in animals, but
   how different evolutionary processes interact to determine allometry
   remains unclear. Among related species SSD (male: female) typically
   increases with average body size, resulting in slopes of less than 1
   when female size is regressed on male size: an allometric relationship
   formalized as 'Rensch's rule'. Empirical studies show that taxa with
   male-biased SSD are more likely to satisfy Rensch's rule and that a
   taxon's mean SSD is negatively correlated with allometric slope,
   implicating sexual selection on male size as an important mechanism
   promoting allometry for SSD. I use body length (and life-history) data
   from 628 (259) populations of seven species of anadromous Pacific
   salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) to show that in this genus
   life-history variation appears to regulate patterns of allometry both
   within and between species. Although all seven species have
   intraspecific allometric slopes of less than 1, contrary to expectation
   slope is unrelated to species' mean SSD, but is instead negatively
   correlated with two life-history variables: the species' mean marine
   age and variation in marine age. Second, because differences in marine
   age among species render SSD and body size uncorrelated, the
   interspecific slope is isometric. Together, these results provide an
   example of how evolutionary divergence in life history among related
   species can affect patterns of allometry for SSD across taxonomic
   scales.
PD JAN 22
PY 2005
VL 272
IS 1559
BP 167
EP 172
UT ISI:000226980800008
ER

PT J
AU Hulbert, AJ
   Else, PL
TI Basal metabolic rate: History, composition, regulation, and usefulness SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The concept of basal metabolic rate (BMR) was developed to compare the
   metabolic rate of animals and initially was important in a clinical
   context as a means of determining thyroid status of humans. It was also
   important in defining the allometric relationship between body mass and
   metabolic rate of mammals. The BMR of mammals varies with body mass,
   with the same allometric exponent as field metabolic rate and with many
   physiological and biochemical rates. The membrane pacemaker theory
   proposes that the fatty acid composition of membrane bilayers is an
   important determinant of a species BMR. In both mammals and birds,
   membrane polyunsaturation decreases and monounsaturation increases with
   increasing body mass and a decrease in mass-specific BMR. The secretion
   and production of thyroid hormones in mammals are related to body mass,
   with the allometric exponent similar to BMR; yet there is no body size
   - related variation in either total or free concentrations of thyroid
   hormones in plasma of mammals. It is suggested that in different-sized
   mammals, the secretion/production of thyroid hormones is a result of
   BMR differences rather than their cause. BMR is a useful concept in
   some situations but not in others.
PD NOV-DEC
PY 2004
VL 77
IS 6
BP 869
EP 876
UT ISI:000226862800002
ER

PT J
AU White, CR
   Seymour, RS
TI Does basal metabolic rate contain a useful signal? Mammalian BMR
   allometry and correlations with a selection of physiological,
   ecological, and life-history variables
SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Basal metabolic rate (BMR, mL O-2 h(-1)) is a useful measurement only
   if standard conditions are realised. We present an analysis of the
   relationship between mammalian body mass (M, g) and BMR that accounts
   for variation associated with body temperature, digestive state, and
   phylogeny. In contrast to the established paradigm that BMR
   proportional to M-3/4, data from 619 species, representing 19 mammalian
   orders and encompassing five orders of magnitude variation in M, show
   that BMR proportional to M-2/3. If variation associated with body
   temperature and digestive state are removed, the BMRs of eutherians,
   marsupials, and birds do not differ, and no significant allometric
   exponent heterogeneity remains between orders. The usefulness of BMR as
   a general measurement is supported by the observation that after the
   removal of body mass effects, the residuals of BMR are significantly
   correlated with the residuals for a variety of physiological and
   ecological variables, including maximum metabolic rate, field metabolic
   rate, resting heart rate, life span, litter size, and population
   density.
PD NOV-DEC
PY 2004
VL 77
IS 6
BP 929
EP 941
UT ISI:000226862800007
ER

PT J
AU Niklas, KJ
TI Modelling below- and above-ground biomass for non-woody and woody plants SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article AB Background and Aims Intraspecific relationships between below- and
   above-ground biomass (M-B and M-A. respectively) have been studied
   extensively to evaluate environmental effect; on growth and development
   at the level of the individual plant. However. no current theoretical
   model for this relationship exists for broad interspecific trends. The
   aims of this paper are to provide a model and to test it: predictions
   using a recently assembled, large database (1406 data entries for 257
   species).
   Methods An allometric model was derived to predict the relationship
   between M-B and M-A for non-woody and woody plants based on previously
   developed scaling relationships for leaf, stem and root standing
   biomass and annual growth rates. The predictions of this model were
   tested by comparing the numerical values of predicted scaling exponents
   (the slopes of log-log regression curves) with those observed for the
   database.
   Key Results and Conclusions For non-woody plants and the juveniles of
   woody specie;, the model predicts an isometric scaling relationship
   (i.e. MB proportional to MA). For woody plant;. a complex scaling
   function is predicted. But. for a particular set of biologically
   reasonable conditions, the model predicts :M-B proportional to M-A
   across woody plants. These predictions accord reasonably well with
   observed statistical trends when non-woody and woody plants are studied
   separately (n = 1061 and 315 data entries, respectively). Although the
   reliability of regression formulas to estimate M-B based on M-A
   measurements increased with increasing plant size, estimates of M-B can
   be as much as two orders of magnitude off, even when using regression
   formulas with r(2) much greater than 0.90 and F much greater than 53
   000. (C) 2004 Annals of Botany Company.
PD JAN
PY 2005
VL 95
IS 2
BP 315
EP 321
UT ISI:000226371000008
ER

PT J
AU McKinney, RA
   Glatt, SM
   Williams, SR
TI Allometric length-weight relationships for benthic prey of aquatic
   wildlife in coastal marine habitats
SO WILDLIFE BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB We developed models to estimate the soft tissue content of benthic
   marine invertebrates that are prey for aquatic wildlife. Allometric
   regression models of tissue wet weight with shell length for 10 species
   of benthic invertebrates had r(2) values ranging from 0.29 for hermit
   crabs Pagurus longicarpus to 0.98 for green crabs Carcinus maenas. As a
   class, bivalves had the highest r(2) values (0.84) and crustaceans the
   lowest (0.48). Energy and nutrient content of soft tissue is also
   presented for the 10 benthic species. The energy content was lowest in
   crabs, and ranged within 2.20-4.71 kcal g(-1) dry weight. Fat content
   was highly variable (range: 3.5-16.0%), and protein content ranged
   within 43.1-68.1% and was highest for shrimp Palaemonetes pugio.
   Comparison between classes of organisms of the amount of soft tissue
   per unit shell length showed that crustaceans yield five times more
   soft tissue per unit shell length than bivalves. and four times more
   than gastropods. The models we present use simple measures, such as the
   length of shell or wet weight of the entire animal, to quantitatively
   estimate the amount of available soft tissue in benthic prey that are
   usually consumed in total (with shell and soft tissue intact) but for
   which only the soft tissue is used for nutritional gain. This
   information can be combined with energy and nutrient content data to
   calculate energy or nutrient based carrying capacities that can help
   assess available resources for shorebirds. waterfowl and marine mammals. PD DEC PY 2004 VL 10 IS 4 BP 241 EP 249 UT ISI:000225991700001 ER

PT J
AU Niklas, KJ
TI Plant allometry: is there a grand unifying theory?
SO BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS
LA English
DT Article
AB The study of size and its biological consequences - called allometry -
   has fascinated biologists for centuries. Recent advances in this area
   of study have stimulated a renewed interest in these scaling phenomena,
   especially in terms of the search for mechanistic explanations that
   transcend mere descriptive phenomenology. These advances are reviewed
   in the context of plant biology. Allometric derivations are presented
   that predict how annual growth in total body biomass is partitioned to
   construct new leaf, stem, and root tissues at the level of an
   individual plant. Derivations are also presented to predict annual
   reproductive effort and to predict how the biomass of body parts
   changes as a function of the number of plants per unit area in
   communities. The predictions emerging from these derivations are then
   examined empirically by comparing predicted and observed scaling
   exponents for each relationship using a world-wide data compendium
   gathered from the primary literature. These comparisons provide strong
   statistical support for each of the allometric predictions. This
   support is taken as evidence that a general unifying allometric theory
   for plant biology is near at hand. Nevertheless, the validation of this
   theory requires much additional work and raises a number of procedural
   and conceptual concerns that must be resolved before a single 'global'
   theory is accepted.
PD NOV
PY 2004
VL 79
IS 4
BP 871
EP 889
UT ISI:000225673400008
ER

PT J
AU Jung, S
   Houde, ED
TI Production of bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli in Chesapeake Bay:
   application of size-based theory
SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES
LA English
DT Article
AB To evaluate and quantify productivity of abundant bay anchovy Anchoa
   mitchilh in the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem, daily stock biomass,
   production, and contribution to predators of young-of-the-year (YOY)
   bay anchovy were estimated from May 1995 to October 2000, based on
   tri-annual midwater trawl collections. Empirical allometric
   relationships were applied to develop size-dependent growth and
   mortality estimates. Estimated annual mean stock biomass of YOY bay
   anchovy was lowest in 1996 (17 x 10(3) metric tons [t] wet weight) and
   highest in 2000 (64 x 10(3) t). Estimated YOY production varied
   inter-annually by a factor of 4, ranging from 167 x 10(3) t in 1996 to
   697 x 10(3) t in 2000. Daily stock biomass levels usually peaked in mid
   September, while daily production and contribution to predators peaked
   from mid July to late September. The annual production to mean biomass
   (P/(B) over bar) ratio, which included the very productive larval
   stage, was high and ranged from 9.02 to 13.23. Analysis of
   environmental factors indicated that water temperature and dissolved
   oxygen were important controllers of growth rate. Inter-annual
   variability in length-specific mortality was inversely related to mean
   salinity in the summer and fall, suggesting that salinity controls
   abundances and spatial distributions of predators on bay anchovy.
   Results imply that annually variable hydrological conditions and
   secondary productivity may drive observed variability in recruitment
   and production of YOY bay anchovy by inducing small but decisive
   differences in growth and predation mortality on early-life stages. PY 2004 VL 281 BP 217 EP 232 UT ISI:000225543400018 ER

PT J
AU Arnot, JA
   Gobas, FAPC
TI A food web bioaccumulation model for organic chemicals in aquatic
   ecosystems
SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY
LA English
DT Article
AB The present study examines a new bioaccumulation model for hydrophobic
   organic chemicals in aquatic food webs. The purpose of the model is to
   provide site-specific estimates of chemical concentrations and
   associated bioconcentration factors, bioaccumulation factors. and
   biota-sediment accumulation factors in organisms of aquatic food webs
   using a limited number of chemical, organism. and site-specific data
   inputs. The model is a modification of a previous model and
   incorporates new insights regarding the mechanism of bioaccumulation
   derived from laboratory experiments and field studies as well as
   improvements in model parameterization. The new elements of the model
   include: A model for the partitioning of chemicals into organisms;
   kinetic models for predicting chemical concentrations in algae,
   phytoplankton, and zooplankton; new allometric relationships for
   predicting gill ventilation rates in a wide range of aquatic species;
   and a mechanistic model for predicting gastrointestinal magnification
   of organic chemicals in a range of species. Model performance is
   evaluated using empirical data from three different freshwater
   ecosystems involving 1,019 observations for 35 species and 64
   chemicals. The effects of each modification on the model's performance
   are illustrated. The new model is able to provide better estimates of
   bioaccumulation factors in comparison to the previous food web
   bioaccumulation model while the model input requirements remain largely
   unchanged.
PD OCT
PY 2004
VL 23
IS 10
BP 2343
EP 2355
UT ISI:000223938100009
ER

PT J
AU Smith, FA
   Brown, JH
   Haskell, JP
   Lyons, SK
   Alroy, J
   Charnov, EL
   Dayan, T
   Enquist, BJ
   Ernest, SKM
   Hadly, EA
   Jones, KE
   Kaufman, DM
   Marquet, PA
   Maurer, BA
   Niklas, KJ
   Porter, WP
   Tiffney, B
   Willig, MR
TI Similarity of mammalian body size across the taxonomic hierarchy and
   across space and time
SO AMERICAN NATURALIST
LA English
DT Article
AB Although it is commonly assumed that closely related animals are
   similar in body size, the degree of similarity has not been examined
   across the taxonomic hierarchy. Moreover, little is known about the
   variation or consistency of body size patterns across geographic space
   or evolutionary time. Here, we draw from a data set of terrestrial,
   nonvolant mammals to quantify and compare patterns across the body size
   spectrum, the taxonomic hierarchy, continental space, and evolutionary
   time. We employ a variety of statistical techniques including "sib-sib"
   regression, phylogenetic autocorrelation, and nested ANOVA. We find an
   extremely high resemblance ( heritability) of size among congeneric
   species for mammals over similar to 18 g; the result is consistent
   across the size spectrum. However, there is no significant relationship
   among the body sizes of congeneric species for mammals under similar to
   18 g. We suspect that life-history and ecological parameters are so
   tightly constrained by allometry at diminutive size that animals can
   only adapt to novel ecological conditions by modifying body size. The
   overall distributions of size for each continental fauna and for the
   most diverse orders are quantitatively similar for North America, South
   America, and Africa, despite virtually no overlap in species
   composition. Differences in ordinal composition appear to account for
   quantitative differences between continents. For most mammalian orders,
   body size is highly conserved, although there is extensive overlap at
   all levels of the taxonomic hierarchy. The body size distribution for
   terrestrial mammals apparently was established early in the Tertiary,
   and it has remained remarkably constant over the past 50 Ma and across
   the major continents. Lineages have diversified in size to exploit
   environmental opportunities but only within limits set by allometric,
   ecological, and evolutionary constraints.
PD MAY
PY 2004
VL 163
IS 5
BP 672
EP 691
UT ISI:000221651400005
ER

PT J
AU Kaitaniemi, P
TI Testing the allometric scaling laws
SO JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Allometric scaling laws have received increasing attention due to the
   recent theoretical advancements. However, existing evidence suggests
   that the scaling relationships may vary a lot without much consistency,
   which poses a challenge to the applicability of general theories. In
   this report, I demonstrate that much of the discrepancy may be an
   artefact caused by the limited use of methods for estimating the
   parameters in the allometric scaling equations. I suggest alternative
   procedures that can be utilized to avoid biased interpretations. The
   comments are largely applicable to any research that involves
   parameterization of equations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights
   reserved.
PD MAY 21
PY 2004
VL 228
IS 2
BP 149
EP 153
UT ISI:000221205400001
ER

PT J
AU Emmerson, MC
   Raffaelli, D
TI Predator-prey body size, interaction strength and the stability of a
   real food web
SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB 1. We examined the empirical relationship between predator-prey body
   size ratio and interaction strength in the Ythan Estuary food web.
   2. We have refined a previously published version of the food web and
   explored how size-based predatory effects might affect food web
   dynamics. To do so, we used four predatory species Crangon crangon
   (Linnaeus), Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus), Pomatoschistus microps (Kroyer)
   and Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus) and one common prey species Corophium
   volutator (Pallas) from the food web.
   3. All predators and prey were sorted into small, medium and large size
   classes and placed into mesocosms in all possible pairwise combinations
   of size and species identity to determine per capita effects of
   predators on prey (a(ij)).
   4. Using Lotka-Volterra dynamics the empirical body size relationships
   obtained from these experiments and other relationships already
   available for the Ythan Estuary, we parameterized a food web model for
   this system. The local stability properties of the resulting food web
   models were then determined.
   5. We found that by choosing interaction strengths using an empirically
   defined scaling law, the resulting food web models are always
   dynamically stable, despite the residual uncertainties in the modelling
   approach. This contrasts with the statistical expectation that random
   webs with random parameters have a vanishingly improbable chance of
   stability.
   6. The patterning of predator and prey body sizes in real ecosystems
   affects the arrangement of interaction strengths, which in turn
   determines food web stability.
PD MAY
PY 2004
VL 73
IS 3
BP 399
EP 409
UT ISI:000220886800001
ER

PT J
AU Savage, VM
TI Improved approximations to scaling relationships for species,
   populations, and ecosystems across latitudinal and elevational gradients SO JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Historically, allometric equations relate organismal traits, such as
   metabolic rate, individual growth rate, and lifespan, to body mass.
   Similarly, Boltzmann or Q(10) factors are used to relate many
   organismal traits to body temperature. Allometric equations and
   Boltzmann factors are being applied increasingly to higher levels of
   biological organization in an attempt to describe aggregate properties
   of populations and ecosystems. They have been used previously for
   studies that analyse scaling relationships between populations and
   across latitudinal gradients. For these kinds of applications, it is
   crucial to be aware of the "fallacy of the averages", and it is often
   problematic or incorrect to simply substitute the average body mass or
   temperature for an entire population or ecosystem into allometric
   equations. We derive improved approximations to allometric equations
   and Boltzmann factors in terms of the central moments of body size and
   temperature, and we provide tests for the accuracy of these
   approximations. This framework is necessary for interpreting the
   predictions of scaling theories for large-scale systems and grants
   insight into which characteristics of a given distribution are
   important. These approximations and tests are applied to data for body
   size for several taxonomic groups, including groups with multiple
   species, and to data for temperature at locations of varying latitude,
   corresponding to ectothermic body temperatures. Based on these results,
   the accuracy and utility of these approximations as applied to
   biological systems are assessed. We conclude that approximations to
   allometric equations at the species level are extremely accurate.
   However, for systems with a large range in body size, evaluating the
   skewness and kurtosis is often necessary, so it may be advantageous to
   calculate the exact form for the averaged scaling relationships
   instead. Moreover, the improved approximation for the Boltzmann factor,
   which uses the average and standard deviation of temperature, is quite
   accurate and represents a significant improvement over previous
   approximations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. PD APR 21 PY 2004 VL 227 IS 4 BP 525 EP 534 UT ISI:000220674100006 ER

PT J
AU Chalcraft, DR
   Resetarits, WJ
TI Metabolic rate models and the substitutability of predator populations SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB 1. Much of the debate surrounding the consequences of biodiversity loss
   centres around the issue of whether different species are functionally
   similar in their effects on ecological processes. In this study, we
   examined whether populations consisting of smaller, more abundant
   individuals are functionally similar to populations of the same species
   with larger, fewer individuals.
   2. We manipulated the biomass and density of banded sunfish
   (Enneacanthus obesus) and measured their impact on populations of
   Southern leopard frog (Rana sphenocephala) larvae. We also evaluated
   the ability of models relating metabolic rate to body size to predict
   the relative impacts of populations that differ in average body size
   and population density.
   3. Our results indicate that population biomass, density and their
   interaction each play a large role in determining the effect of a
   predator population on its food resource. Populations with smaller but
   more abundant individuals had effects as large or larger than those
   populations with larger but fewer individuals.
   4. Although we found qualitative agreement between the observed
   relative effects of populations with that predicted by allometric
   models, we also found that density-dependence can cause effects of a
   population to differ from that expected based on allometry.
   5. The substitutability of populations differing in average body size
   appears to depend on complex relationships between metabolic rate,
   population density and the strength of density-dependence. The
   restrictive conditions necessary to establish functional equivalence
   among different populations of the same species suggests that
   functional equivalence should be rare in most communities. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 73 IS 2 BP 323 EP 332 UT ISI:000189258400011 ER

PT J
AU Schaefer, JA
   Mahoney, SP
TI Spatial and temporal scaling of population density and animal movement:
   A power law approach
SO ECOSCIENCE
LA English
DT Article
AB Many ecological patterns are sensitive to spatial and temporal scale,
   but no general protocol has emerged for dealing with scale-dependence.
   We suggest that power laws, regularly used in the study of body size,
   can be applied to many such features. We used these techniques to
   describe two scale-sensitive aspects of caribou (Rangifer tarandus):
   population densities of North American herds when measured at varying
   spatial extents, and speeds of radiotracked individuals when observed
   at varying temporal resolutions. Log-log regression was applied, based
   on the power formula, Y- cX(z). Non-isometric relationships existed for
   abundance versus area of the population range, but the pattern differed
   between groups. For sedentary caribou, animal numbers increased more
   slowly than spatial extent (z = 0.503). For migratory populations, this
   relationship was hyper-allometric (z > 1), and densities were generally
   lower for continental herds compared to insular Newfoundland herds
   living without wolves (Canis lupus). We surmise that defining
   population bounds may be more subjective for sedentary herds; migratory
   herd densities may increase with increasing population size. Distance
   moved versus the interval between radiolocations was also non-isometric
   (z = 0.551). We standardized these movements to eliminate the
   confounding effects of scale, enabling comparisons across seasons and
   populations. The power formula helps to clarify the debate over the use
   of ratios, where variables may change non-isometrically. Power laws may
   enable the synthesis of ecological patterns sensitive to scales of
   space and time.
PY 2003
VL 10
IS 4
BP 496
EP 501
UT ISI:000187465200011
ER

PT J
AU Kuikka, JT
TI Scaling laws in physiology: Relationships between size, function,
   metabolism and life expectancy
SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONLINEAR SCIENCES AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION LA English DT Article AB Among animals many physiological processes, such as metabolic rate per
   unit mass, depend on body mass (M) as proportional to M-b, where b is
   the scaling exponent. This power-law scaling is valid even in a class
   of animals that vary widely in size (from mouse to blue whale).. Most
   of scientists have searched for a single cause to explain this observed
   allometry. However, it might be so that the scaling exponent b is the
   sum of the influences of multiple contributors starting from the
   mammals' evolution, genetic origin, maturation and capillary network up
   to seasonal and physiologic adaptation. In the present review, I apply
   this universal equation to study mammals' circulatory network,
   function, metabolism and life expectancy.
PY 2003
VL 4
IS 4
BP 317
EP 327
UT ISI:000187360500001
ER

PT J
AU Sinclair, ARE
TI Mammal population regulation, keystone processes and ecosystem dynamics SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES
   B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
LA English
DT Review
AB The theory of regulation in animal populations is fundamental to
   understanding the dynamics of populations, the causes of mortality and
   how natural selection shapes the life history of species. In mammals,
   the great range in body size allows us to see how allometric
   relationships affect the mode of regulation. Resource limitation is the
   fundamental cause of regulation. Top-down limitation through predators
   is determined by four factors: (i) body size; (ii) the diversity of
   predators and prey in the system; (iii) whether prey are resident or
   migratory; and (iv) the presence of alternative prey for predators.
   Body size in mammals has two important consequences. First, mammals,
   particularly large species, can act as keystones that determine the
   diversity of an ecosystem. I show how keystone processes can, in
   principle, be measured using the example of the wildebeest in the
   Serengeti ecosystem. Second, mammals act as ecological landscapers by
   altering vegetation succession. Mammals alter physical structure,
   ecological function and species diversity in most terrestrial biomes.
   In general, there is a close interaction between allometry, population
   regulation, life history and ecosystem dynamics. These relationships
   are relevant to applied aspects of conservation and pest management. PD OCT 29 PY 2003 VL 358 IS 1438 BP 1729 EP 1740 UT ISI:000186255500008 ER

PT J
AU Melo-Barrera, FN
   Felix-Uraga, R
   Quinonez-Velazquez, C
TI Growth and length-weight relationship of the striped marlin,
   Tetrapturus audax (Pisces : Istiophoridae), in Cabo San lucas, Baja
   California Sur, Mexico
SO CIENCIAS MARINAS
LA Spanish
DT Article
AB To determine the age, backcalculate the length, and describe the
   individual growth and length-weight relationship of the striped marlin
   Tetrapturus audax, the catch of the sport-fishing fleet from Cabo San
   Lucas, Mexico, was sampled from 1988 to 1993. The length and weight of
   1044 fishes were measured, and the fourth spine of the dorsal fin was
   collected from 399 of them. The mandibular length (ML) ranged from 156
   to 263 cm, and the total weight (TW) ranged from 26 to 100 kg. No
   significant differences were detected (P > 0.05) in the ML-TW
   relationship either between sexes or between years. The general
   relationship was TW = 0.00008*ML(2.523), showing a negative allometric
   growth (b < 3, P < 0.05). Ten age groups were determined (2 to 11). The
   relationship between ML and the dorsal fin radius was highly
   significant (P < 0.001), justifying the use of the dorsal fin for the
   age determination and to describe the growth of the striped marlin. The
   von Bertalanffy growth model was fitted appropriately to backcalculated
   ML-age data (r(2) = 0.99) and the values of the parameters were:
   L-infinity = 221 cm, K = 0.23 per year, and t(0) = -1.6. The striped
   marlin reaches 45% of the asymptotic length in its first year of life;
   in the second year the growth rate decreases to 10%, and during the
   next eight years the growth rate is 4% on average. The present study is
   the first to report on the individual growth of the striped marlin
   based on age determination in hard structures.
PD SEP
PY 2003
VL 29
IS 3
BP 305
EP 313
UT ISI:000185166500005
ER

PT J
AU Atanasov, AT
   Dimitrov, BD
TI Changes of the power coefficient in the 'metabolism-mass' relationship
   in the evolutionary process of animals
SO BIOSYSTEMS
LA English
DT Article
AB The power coefficient k decreases along evolution in an allometric
   relationship between the oxygen consumption rate and the body mass of
   animals. This theoretical study investigated the role of the power
   coefficient k and its behavior along evolution. The animals were
   organized in three groups according to the values of the power
   coefficient k as follows: (1) from unicellular Prokaryotes to
   Eukaryotes; (11) from Mytilus and Annelida to Pisces; (111) from
   Reptilia to Mammals and Aves. At the beginning of each animal group
   (stage), the value of k was close to 0.9-1.0 and at the end of the
   stage it was close to 0.67-0.70. Exponential sharp increase of the
   power coefficient k was observed during the biological transition from
   Protozoa to simply organized Metazoa and in the transition from
   Poikylothermic to Homothermic organisms (e.g. from Pisces to Reptilia).
   Also, when using the periodogram regression analysis, a cyclic
   (periodic) pattern in this increase was observed (i.e. period T
   approximate to 8-11 units, P < 0.05). It was postulated that the power
   coefficient k, as with the coefficient a, might represent the increase
   of complexity of animal organization within each group. (C) 2002
   Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
PD JUN-JUL
PY 2002
VL 66
IS 1-2
BP 65
EP 71
UT ISI:000179040400007
ER

PT J
AU Belgrano, A
   Allen, AP
   Enquist, BJ
   Gillooly, JF
TI Allometric scaling of maximum population density: a common rule for
   marine phytoplankton and terrestrial plants
SO ECOLOGY LETTERS
LA English
DT Article
AB A primary goal of macroecology is to identify principles that apply
   across varied ecosystems and taxonomic groups. Here we show that the
   allometric relationship observed between maximum abundance and body
   size for terrestrial plants can be extended to predict maximum
   population densities of marine phytoplankton. These results imply that
   the abundance of primary producers is similarly constrained in
   terrestrial and marine systems by rates of energy supply as dictated by
   a common allometric scaling law. They also highlight the existence of
   general mechanisms linking rates of individual metabolism to emergent
   properties of ecosystems.
PD SEP
PY 2002
VL 5
IS 5
BP 611
EP 613
UT ISI:000177964900001
ER

PT J
AU Santic, M
   Jardas, I
   Pallaoro, A
TI Age, growth and mortality rate of horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus
   (L.), living in the eastern central Adriatic
SO PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM
LA English
DT Article
AB Background and Purpose: The horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus, is
   pelagic and migratory fish, common in the Northeastern Atlantic and
   Mediterranean. In the Adriatic, it is important object of pelagic and
   demersal fishing. In spite of this fact, information on its biology is
   scarce. The aim of this study was to estimate the age, growth and
   mortality rate of horse mackerel in the central Adriatic.
   Material and Methods: Age, growth and mortality rate were analyzed for
   horse mackerel collected in the eastern central Adriatic from 1996 to
   2000 during spawning season (March - May). A total of 2,304 individuals
   were collected. The total length of sampled individulas ranged from
   10.3 to 37.3 cm and weight from 6.04 to 4375 g, Age was determined by
   the sagitta otolith ding The commonly used length-weight relationship W
   = aL(b) was applied. Length and age data were used to estimate growth
   parameters (L-infinity K, t(0)) of von Bertalanffy growth equation Lt =
   L-infinity(l - e(0)(-K(t - t))). Total mortality rate (Z) was
   calculated from the length-converted catch curve using FiSAT program,
   Natural mortality (M) was estimated using L-infinity, K and annual mean
   water temperature. Exploitation rate was calculated by the equation E =
   F/Z.
   Results and Conclusion: Age ranged from 1degrees-8degrees. The
   length-weight relationship, which differs between sexes, was estimated
   for males b = 2.9929, a = 0.0087 (N = 599); females b = 3.0598, a =
   0.0069 (N = 560) and whole sample b = 3.0198, a = 0.0080 (N = 1454),
   indicating isometric growth for males and whole sample and positive
   allometric growth for females. Growth parameters for males L-infinity =
   38.11 cm, K= 0.215, t(0) = -0.39; females L-infinity = 38.16 cm, K =
   0.203, t(0) = -0.40; whole sample L-infinity = 3768 cm, K = 0.230, t(0)
   = -0.30 were calculated. Natural mortality was found to be M = 0.46
   1/year fishing mortality F = 0.27 1/year and total mortality Z = 0.73
   1/year (Z/K = 3.174). The exploitation rate E = 0.38 suggests that the
   stock was relatively highly exploited.
PD JUL
PY 2002
VL 104
IS 2
BP 165
EP 173
UT ISI:000177500500007
ER

PT J
AU Bowman, J
   Jaeger, JAG
   Fahrig, L
TI Dispersal distance of mammals is proportional to home range size SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We tested the prediction that home range area and dispersal distance in
   mammals are related when considered independently of body size.
   Regression of log-transformed data demonstrated that more variance in
   maximum dispersal distance could be explained by home range area (74%)
   than could be explained by body size (50%). The relationship between
   maximum dispersal distance and home range size was isometric (slope =
   1) when the square root of home range area (i.e., linear dimension of
   home range) was used. Thus, maximum dispersal distance was related to
   home range size by a single constant of 40. A linear relationship
   remained between these two variables after the effects of body size
   were removed (F = 31.6, df = 1, 32, P = 3.2 X 10(-6), R-2 = 0.50). A
   similar isometric relationship with home range size was found for
   median dispersal distance (related by a multiple of 7). This isometric
   relationship between dispersal distance and home range size was tested
   using a second data source: maximum movements made by mammals after
   translocation, which also was linearly related to home range area (F =
   94.5, df = 1, 23, P = 1.3 X 10(-9), R-2 = 0.81). The slope and
   intercept of this relationship were not different from those of the
   relationship between maximum dispersal distance and home range area. We
   suggest that the vagility of mammals affected both home range size and
   dispersal distance (or movement after translocation) independently of
   body size, such that these movements could be predicted by home range
   area better than by body size alone. The resulting isometric
   relationship between dispersal distance and home range size has
   potential as a useful scaling rule for ecological practitioners. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 83 IS 7 BP 2049 EP 2055 UT ISI:000176718100023 ER

PT J
AU Cuddington, K
   Yodzis, P
TI Predator-prey dynamics and movement in fractal environments SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB Previous research suggests that local interactions and limited animal
   mobility can affect population dynamics. However, the spatial structure
   of the environment can further limit the mobility of animals. For
   example, an animal confined to a river valley or to a particular plant
   cannot move with equal ease in all directions. We show that spatial
   architecture could influence the population dynamics of predator-prey
   systems using individual-based computer simulations parameterized with
   allometric relationships from the literature. Spatial forms
   (representing geographical features or plant architecture) of differing
   fractal dimension were generated, and simulated predators and prey were
   introduced into these computer environments. We claim that the
   alteration in interaction rates and population dynamics found in these
   simulations can be explained as a consequence of the anomalously slow
   rates of movement associated with fractal spaces and the
   diffusion-limited nature of predator-prey interactions. As a result,
   functional responses and numerical responses are substantially reduced
   in fractal environments, and the overall stability of the system is
   determined by the interaction between individual mobility and spatial
   architecture.
PD JUL
PY 2002
VL 160
IS 1
BP 119
EP 134
UT ISI:000176412000009
ER

PT J
AU Komiyama, A
   Jintana, V
   Sangtiean, T
   Kato, S
TI A common allometric equation for predicting stem weight of mangroves
   growing in secondary forests
SO ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH
LA English
DT Article
AB The allometric relationship for stem weight Ws is usually expressed as
   a function of stem diameter and height, similar to the variable d.b.h.
   H-2, which equals the squared diameter at breast height multiplied by
   tree height. However, this relationship often differs between tree
   species, and this segregation of the relationship by species forces the
   researcher to do a tremendous amount of field work to determine a
   series of allometric equations for all tree species in the forest. In
   this study, we examined the segregation in the d.b.h. H-2-Ws allometric
   relationship for five mangrove species. We examined the overall stem
   shape and the specific gravity of stem relating to the allometric
   relationships. The difference in the specific gravity was found to be
   the main cause of the segregation in the d.b.h. H-2-Ws relationship. By
   taking into consideration the specific gravity of stem, we established
   a common equation for the five mangrove species.
PD MAY
PY 2002
VL 17
IS 3
BP 415
EP 418
UT ISI:000176054500014
ER

PT J
AU Perez-Castaneda, R
   Defeo, O
TI Morphometric relationships of penaeid shrimps in a coastal lagoon:
   Spatio-temporal variability and management implications
SO ESTUARIES
LA English
DT Article
AB Spatio-temporal variability in the length-weight relationship of four
   sympatric shrimp species (Farfantepenaeus aztecus, F. brasiliensis, F.
   duorarum, and F. notialis) was evaluated in the Celestun lagoon,
   Mexico. Monthly samples were taken throughout 2 yr in three
   hydrological zones (seaward, middle, and inner) and climatic seasons
   (Nortes, Dry, and Rainy). Significant intraspecific and interspecific
   differences in the length-weight relationships were detected among
   climatic seasons and hydrological zones, reflecting positive allometric
   growth. F. notialis registered the highest condition (weight at
   length), followed by F. duorarum, F. aztecus, and F. brasiliensis. The
   lowest values in condition were consistently registered during Nortes
   and at the seaward zone. All species showed a pattern consistent with a
   density-dependent effect on condition, that is a negative correlation
   between individual mean weight and total relative abundance. The
   immediate implication for managing this important multispecific coastal
   artisanal resource that is supported by our study is the restriction of
   fishing effort in the seaward zone, mainly during the Nortes season. PD APR PY 2002 VL 25 IS 2 BP 282 EP 287 UT ISI:000175754500012 ER

PT J
AU Baron, PJ
   Re, ME
TI Morphometry of the northern Patagonian sympatric populations of Loligo
   sanpaulensis and Loligo gahi
SO JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM LA English DT Article AB Loligo gahi and Loligo smipaidensis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda), two squid
   species presently under exploitation in the south-west Atlantic, are
   sympatric in coastal waters of northern Patagonia. In the present
   study, the morphometry of both specics' northern Patagonian populations
   was analysed and compared. Relationships between the morphometric
   variables and mantle length, the standard measure of size for squids,
   are allometric in most cases. Weight and fin length show different
   rates of growth relative to mantle length in males and females of both
   species. Fin length, fin width and mantle length are the best
   morphometric variables to discriminate the mantle/fin complexes. Free
   rachis length, gladius length and gladius width are the most useful to
   separate both species' pens. The best discrimination of the tentacles
   is provided by the diameter of the central and marginal stickers and
   the number of teeth on the three largest sucker rings. Discriminant
   functions are provided to allow the classification of individuals From
   both species and the identification of pens and tentacle clubs found in
   predators digestive contents.
PD APR
PY 2002
VL 82
IS 2
BP 269
EP 278
UT ISI:000175257400014
ER

PT J
AU Alekseeva, TA
   Zotin, AI
TI Standard metabolism and macrotaxonomy of crustaceans
SO BIOLOGY BULLETIN
LA English
DT Article
AB The influence of temperature and other environmental factors on the
   rate of oxygen consumption has been studied in adult crustaceans. The
   allometric relationship between respiration and body weight was
   calculated for 15 crustacean orders on the basis of published data on
   the standard metabolic rate and body weight in 225 crustacean species.
   The macrotaxonomy of the studied crustacean orders was proposed on the
   basis of the obtained values of coefficient a from the allometric
   relationship.
PD MAR-APR
PY 2001
VL 28
IS 2
BP 157
EP 162
UT ISI:000174230900008
ER

PT J
AU Smallwood, KS
TI The allometry of density within the space used by populations of
   mammalian Carnivora
SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE
LA English
DT Article
AB The relationship between body mass and population density has been used
   to develop theory of how energy is used in ecosystems. The usual
   allometric density slope, -0.75, was reduced to near zero among species
   of mammalian Carnivora after Smallwood and Schonewald and Blackburn and
   Gaston adjusted density estimates by the sizes of the corresponding
   study areas. In this paper, I restricted the allometric analysis to
   density estimates made at or near the threshold area, which is the
   species-specific minimum area likely to support a population. I
   excluded densities estimated from subpopulations and "megapopulations",
   thereby removing biases of study design that had previously confused
   the allometry of population density. Density at threshold area declined
   with increasing body mass. The population's mass density did not relate
   to threshold area, within which carnivore species averaged 9 kg/km(2).
   The spatial intensity of oxygen consumption did not relate to body
   mass, but assuming that species with smaller threshold areas occur at
   more locations than species with larger threshold areas, one must
   conclude that smaller bodied species use more energy from the
   environment than do larger bodied species. Furthermore, threshold area
   and density at threshold area were most responsive to female brain
   mass, which provides an ecological allometry that links spatial scale,
   sensory perception, parental care, life-history attributes, basal
   metabolic rate, and body mass.
PD SEP
PY 2001
VL 79
IS 9
BP 1634
EP 1640
UT ISI:000171014200013
ER

PT J
AU Atkinson, A
   Whitehouse, MJ
TI Ammonium regeneration by Antarctic mesozooplankton: an allometric
   approach
SO MARINE BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Given the importance of copepods in the Southern Ocean food web, there
   are few assessments of their N budgets or their role in regenerating N.
   In this study we measured elemental composition and ammonium-excretion
   rates of copepods and small euphausiids, and estimated the role of
   metazoans in recycling ammonium in the South Georgia region.
   Measurements were made during summer on animals ranging over about two
   orders of magnitude in body mass. A phytoplankton bloom extended
   throughout the study area, and high C and dry masses of late-stage
   copepodites suggested good recent feeding conditions. Excretion rates
   declined roughly exponentially during the similar to1 day incubations
   in filtered sea water. The patterns observed suggested that the onset
   of starvation rather than the stress of capture caused this. Allometric
   relationships between body mass in and excretion rate R were derived
   using the equation R = am(b). Large compilations of literature data
   produce a value of b (the body-mass scaling coefficient) of 0.7-0.8.
   However, in this study, b ranged from 0.57 (for C as the unit of body
   mass) to 0.71 for N as the unit of body mass. Such low values are also
   common to previous studies of feeding and excretion among Antarctic
   copepods. We suggest that this reflects peculiarities of polar
   environments, namely, lipid storage and diapause in the largest
   copepods. Previous studies have suggested that ammonium is a preferred
   N source for algae at South Georgia. Based on the monitoring of a
   region to the north-east of South Georgia and on zooplankton abundance
   and excretion rates from this study, we estimate that within the upper
   mixed layer the copepods and small euphausiids excrete at least one
   third of the ammonium potentially required by phytoplankton. Krill
   excretion in this area was measured in a previous study, and it appears
   that mesozooplankton and krill are together significant regenerators of
   N in parts of the South Georgia pelagic system.
PD AUG
PY 2001
VL 139
IS 2
BP 301
EP 311
UT ISI:000170744200009
ER

PT J
AU Takahashi, M
   Watanabe, Y
   Kinoshita, T
   Watanabe, C
TI Growth of larval and early juvenile Japanese anchovy, Engraulis
   japonicus, in the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition region
SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY
LA English
DT Article
AB Larvae, juveniles, and adults of Japanese anchovy, Engraulis japonicus,
   were distributed throughout the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition region off
   northern Japan as far offshore as 170 degreesE in 1996 and 1997. The
   growth trajectories of individual larvae and early juveniles were
   backcalculated using the biological intercept method based on the
   allometric relationship between otolith radius and somatic length. Mean
   larval growth rates ranged from 0.49 to 0.71 mm day(-1) in the
   transition region, and were comparable to those reported from the
   Pacific coastal waters of central Japan, which is the principal
   distribution range of E. japonicus. In terms of growth, the
   Kuroshio-Oyashio transition region seemed to be a favourable nursery
   area for larval E. japonicus. Larval growth tended to decline from the
   inshore to the offshore waters in the transition region. Thermal
   conditions did not show an inshore-offshore trend in the survey area
   and did not explain the longitudinal trend in growth rates. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 10 IS 2 BP 235 EP 247 UT ISI:000170560300007 ER

PT J
AU Nagy, KA
   Kooyman, GL
   Ponganis, PJ
TI Energetic cost of foraging in free-diving emperor penguins SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Hypothesizing that emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) would have
   higher daily energy expenditures when foraging for their food than when
   being hand-fed and that the increased expenditure could represent their
   foraging cost, we measured field metabolic rates (FMR; using doubly
   labeled water) over 4-d periods when 10 penguins either foraged under
   sea ice or were not allowed to dive but were fed fish by hand.
   Surprisingly, penguins did not have higher rates of energy expenditure
   when they dove and captured their own food than when they did not
   forage but were given food. Analysis of time-activity and energy
   budgets indicated that FMR was about 1.7 x BMR (basal metabolic rate)
   during the 12 h d(-1) that penguins were lying on sea ice. During the
   remaining 12 h d(-1), which we termed their "foraging period" of the
   day, the birds were alert and active (standing, preening, walking, and
   either free diving or being hand-fed), and their FMR was about 4.1 x
   BMR. This is the lowest cost of foraging estimated to date among the
   eight penguin species studied. The calculated aerobic diving limit
   (ADL(C)), determined with the foraging period metabolic rate of 4.1 x
   BMR and known O-2 stores, was only 2.6 min, which is far less than the
   6-min ADL previously measured with postdive lactate analyses in
   emperors diving under similar conditions. This indicates that
   calculating ADL(C) from an at-sea or foraging-period metabolic rate in
   penguins is not appropriate. The relatively low foraging cost for
   emperor penguins contributes to their relatively low total daily FMR
   (2.9 x BMR). The allometric relationship for FMR in eight penguin
   species, including the smallest and largest living representatives, is
   kJ d(-1) = 1,185 kg(0.705).
PD JUL-AUG
PY 2001
VL 74
IS 4
BP 541
EP 547
UT ISI:000169960700008
ER

PT J
AU Parra, G
   Yufera, M
TI Comparative energetics during early development of two marine fish
   species, Solea senegalensis (Kaup) and Sparus aurata (L.)
SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Growth, energy content, ingestion and respiration rates and energetic
   efficiencies were measured in the larvae of two marine fish (Solea
   senegalensis and Sparus aurata) whose eggs have a similar diameter
   (approximately 1 mm) and energy content (approximately 1 J), but whose
   larvae reach a quite different mass after the first month of life.
   Experiments were carried out in populations reared under the same
   conditions in the laboratory during the first month after hatching.
   Solea senegalensis grow from hatching to the start of metamorphosis
   (approximately day 14) at twice the rate of Sparus aurata (specific
   growth rate for Solea senegalensis 0.25 mug day(-1); specific growth
   rate for Sparus aurata 0.12 mug day(-1)). The tissues in Solea
   senegalensis larvae accumulated energetic reserves that were used
   during metamorphosis, which occurred during the third week after
   hatching. Ingestion and respiration rates differed in the two species
   during the experimental period, Although Solea senegalensis continued
   eating during metamorphosis, the specific ingestion rates decreased
   during the process. Nevertheless, no great differences in specific
   ingestion rates and rates of oxygen consumption were observed when
   comparing the same larval mass range. Larvae of both species showed an
   allometric relationship between respiration rate and biomass, The
   energetic efficiencies calculated in the present study denoted
   different metabolic patterns in each species. In Solea senegalensis,
   the energy used for growth increased progressively during the larval
   (pelagic) period and then, from the first signs of metamorphic
   transformation, remained almost constant. In this species, the energy
   allocated to growth was greater than that allocated to metabolic
   processes. Sparus aurata invested less energy in growth than in
   metabolic processes and displayed a constant energy allocation
   throughout the experimental period. During the first month after
   hatching, Solea senegalensis always allocated more energy for growth
   than did Sparus aurata.
PD JUN
PY 2001
VL 204
IS 12
BP 2175
EP 2183
UT ISI:000169800900014
ER

PT J
AU Ray, S
   Berec, L
   Straskraba, M
   Jorgensen, SE
TI Optimization of exergy and implications of body sizes of phytoplankton
   and zooplankton in an aquatic ecosystem model
SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING
LA English
DT Article
AB Size appears to be an important parameter in ecological processes. All
   physiological processes vary with body size ranging from small
   microorganisms to higher mammals. In this model, five state variables -
   phosphorus, detritus, phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish are
   considered. We study the implications of body sizes of phytoplankton
   and zooplankton for total system dynamics by optimizing exergy as a
   goal function for system performance indicator. The rates of different
   sub-processes of phytoplankton and zooplankton are calculated, by means
   of allometric relationships of their body sizes. We run the model with
   different combinations of body sizes of phytoplankton and zooplankton
   and observe the overall biomass of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish.
   The highest exergy values in different combinations of phytoplankton
   acid zooplankton size indicate the maximum biomass of fish with
   relative proportions of phytoplankton and zooplankton. We also test the
   effect of phosphorus input conditions corresponding to oligotrophic,
   mesotrophic, eutrophic system on its dynamics. The average exergy to be
   maximized over phytoplankton and zooplankton size was computed when the
   system reached a steady state. Since this state is often a limit cycle,
   and the exergy copies this behaviour, we averaged the exergy computed
   for 365 days (duration of 1 year) in the stable period of the run. In
   mesotrophic condition, maximum fish biomass with relative proportional
   ratio of phytoplankton, zooplankton is recorded for phytoplankton size
   class 3.12 (log V mum(3) volume) and zooplankton size 4 (log V mum(3)
   volume). In oligotrophic condition the highest average exergy is
   obtained in between phytoplankton size 1.48 (log V mum(3) volume) and
   zooplankton size 4 (log V mum(3) volume), whereas in eutrophic
   condition the result shows the highest exergy in the combination of
   phytoplankton size 5.25 (log V mum(3) volume) and zooplankton size 4
   (log V mum(3) volume). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights
   reserved.
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 140
IS 3
BP 219
EP 234
UT ISI:000169719200004
ER

PT J
AU Li, BL
   Charnov, EL
TI Diversity-stability relationships revisited: scaling rules for
   biological communities near equilibrium
SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING
LA English
DT Article
AB The debate on diversity-stability relationships has a long history of
   theoretical interest and plays a central role in development of modern
   ecology. But such debate has recently re-opened under critical scrutiny
   both in theoretical and empirical studies. In this paper we use
   allometric (or energetic) scaling and statistical physics approaches to
   this problem. On the basis of local Damuth symmetry, a Markov model of
   transfer of energy between different species, and the
   fluctuation-dissipation theorem, scaling rules of species number and
   population variability of biological communities near equilibrium are
   derived. These scaling rules indicate that the diversity-stability
   relationship may be an energetic and thermodynamic consequence of
   ecological systems near equilibrium, not a simple statistical
   consequence as derived by other recent theoretical work. (C) 2001
   Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PD JUN 15
PY 2001
VL 140
IS 3
BP 247
EP 254
UT ISI:000169719200006
ER

PT J
AU Croll, DA
   Acevedo-Gutierrez, A
   Tershy, BR
   Urban-Ramirez, J
TI The diving behavior of blue and fin whales: is dive duration shorter
   than expected based on oxygen stores?
SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE
   PHYSIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Many diving seabirds and marine mammals have been found to regularly
   exceed their theoretical aerobic dive limit (TADL). No animals have
   been found to dive for durations that are consistently shorter than
   their TADL. We attached time-depth recorders to 7 blue whales and 15
   fin whales (family Balaenopteridae). The diving behavior of both
   species was similar, and we distinguished between foraging and
   traveling dives. Foraging dives in both species were deeper, longer in
   duration and distinguished by a series of vertical excursions where
   lunge feeding presumably occurred. Foraging blue whales lunged 2.4
   (+/-1.13) times per dive, with a maximum of six times and average
   vertical excursion of 30.2(+/- 10.04) m. Foraging fin whales lunged 1.7
   (+/-0.88) times per dive, with a maximum of eight times and average
   vertical excursion of 21.2 (+/-4.35) m. The maximum rate of ascent of
   lunges was higher than the maximum rate of descent in both species,
   indicating that feeding lunges occurred on ascent. Foraging dives were
   deeper and longer than non-feeding dives in both species. On average,
   blue whales dived to 140.0 (+/- 46.01) m and 7.8 (+/- 1.89) min when
   foraging, and 67.6 (+/- 51.46) m and 4.9 (+/-2.53) min when not
   foraging. Fin whales dived to 97.9 (+/- 32.59)m and 6.3 (+/-1.53) min
   when foraging and to 59.3 (+/- 29.67)m and 4.2 (+/-1.67) min when not
   foraging. The longest dives recorded for both species, 14.7 min for
   blue whales and 16.9 min for fin whales, were considerably shorter than
   the TADL of 31.2 and 28.6 min, respectively. An allometric comparison
   of seven families diving to an average depth of 80-150 m showed a
   significant relationship between body mass and dive duration once
   Balaenopteridae whales, with a mean dive duration of 6.8 min, were
   excluded from the analysis. Thus, the short dive durations of blue
   whales and fin whales cannot be explained by the shallow distribution
   of their prey. We propose instead that short duration diving in large
   whales results from either: (1) dispersal behavior of prey; or (2) a
   high energetic cost of foraging. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All
   rights reserved.
PD JUL
PY 2001
VL 129
IS 4
BP 797
EP 809
UT ISI:000169788500007
ER

PT J
AU Mouillot, D
   Culioli, JM
   Wilson, JB
   Frodello, JP
   Mouillot, F
   Lepretre, A
   Marchand, B
TI Number, length, area or biomass: Can there be intermediates? SO ECOSCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The abundance of a given species is usually expressed in terms of
   either the number of individuals per unit area or volume (i.e.,
   density), or biomass. These two abundance metrics generate different
   results at both the statistical analysis level (e.g., comparison of
   means) and the ecological level (e.g., diversity comparisons). we seek
   here to unify different abundance metrics using the formula A =
   N(B/N)(k/3) where A is the abundance of a given species, k represents a
   fractional dimension, N is the number of individuals per unit of area
   and B is the biomass of the sampled species. When k = 0, A is density
   and when k = 3, A is the biomass. A value of k = 1 would give abundance
   approximately proportional to the sum of the length of individuals and
   k = 2 would give abundance approximately proportional to the sum of
   their surface ureas. Metrics intermediate between density, length, area
   and biomass are possible using non-integer values of k. Applying this
   methodology to ichthyological data characterized by highly variable
   intraspecies biomass, we examined the effect of the abundance metric on
   the results of a three-factor analysis of variance (depth, season and
   site). In some cases, differences which could not be seen with either
   density or biomass could be seen with intermediate metrics. we suggest
   that many ecological results could be usefully evaluated in terms of
   the effect of the fractional dimension of sampling. In some cases, such
   an approach could identify the optimal metric.
PY 2001
VL 8
IS 2
BP 264
EP 267
UT ISI:000169569300015
ER

PT J
AU Seebacher, F
TI A new method to calculate allometric length-mass relationships of
   dinosaurs
SO JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Body mass is an important determinant of most biological functions, and
   knowing the mass of extinct animals is essential in order to learn
   about their biology. It was the aim of this paper to develop a method
   of mass estimation which would make it possible to determine allometric
   length-mass relationships for the different groups of dinosaurs. Mass
   is calculated from graphical reconstructions of fossils, or from photos
   of skeletal mounts or live animals. Body shape of animals is described
   by high order polynomial equations, integration of the polynomial gives
   body mass of a 'round' animal, which is then corrected for animal width
   by intersection with a second equation (Y = 1 - ax(2)). The method was
   validated by predicting body mass of extant animals of known mass and
   with complex body shapes (kangaroos, emu, elephant, giraffe,
   rhinoceros). Body mass increased allometrically with total length in
   all groups of dinosaurs (Ankylosauria, Ceratopsia, Ornithopoda,
   Prosauropoda, Sauropoda, Stegosauria and Theropoda), but 95% confidence
   intervals were very large for Ankylosauria and Stegosauria so that, for
   those groups, the resulting regression equations have little predicting
   power. Scaling exponents were least for the Sauropoda which may have
   grown less massive to function at their great body size. Scaling
   exponents were greatest for the Theropoda, but it was speculated that
   small coelurosaurs, as the precursors of birds, may have grown less
   massive compared to other theropods. Mass estimated by the 'polynomial'
   method presented here did not differ significantly from mass estimates
   in the literature where these were available.
PD MAR 26
PY 2001
VL 21
IS 1
BP 51
EP 60
UT ISI:000167866500006
ER

PT J
AU Jensen, K
   Johansen, L
   Secher, NH
TI Influence of body mass on maximal oxygen uptake: effect of sample size SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Basal metabolic rate is scaled to body mass to the power of 0.73, and
   we evaluated whether a similar scaling applies when the O-2 transport
   capacity of the body is challenged during maximal exercise (i.e. at
   maximal O-2 uptake, VO2max). The allometric relationship between VO2max
   and body mass ( y = a . x(b), where y is VO2max and x is body mass) was
   developed for 967 athletes representing 25 different sports, with up to
   157 participants in each sport. With an increasing number of
   observations, the exponent approached 0.73, while for ventilation the
   exponent was only 0.55. By using the 0.73 exponent for TO2max, the
   highest value [mean (SD)] for the males was obtained for the runners
   and cyclists [234 (16) ml . kg(-0.73) . min(-1)], and for the females
   the highest value was found for the runners [189 (14) ml (.) kg(-0.73
   .) min(-1)]. For the females, aerobic power was about 80% of the value
   achieved by the males. Scaling may help both in understanding variation
   in aerobic power and in defining the physiological limitations of work
   capacity.
PD MAR
PY 2001
VL 84
IS 3
BP 201
EP 205
UT ISI:000167528100006
ER

PT J
AU Cuzin-Roudy, J
TI Seasonal reproduction, multiple spawning, and fecundity in northern
   krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, and Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB Both northern krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, and Antarctic krill,
   Euphausia superba, release eggs seasonally in multiple spawning events.
   Fecundity estimates were determined based on counts of mature oocytes
   in the ovary of females in preserved field samples. Principal
   components analysis and allometry were used to analyze the covariation
   of egg-batch size with female characteristics. In both krill species,
   egg-batch size scaled isometrically with ovarian weight but showed a
   positive allometry with body size. Predicted egg-batch size ranged from
   200 to 4000 eggs for M. norvegica of 25.5-35 mm body length and from
   1500 to 6000 eggs for E. superba of 36-55 mm. Allometric relationships
   can be used to predict annual fecundity from size structure data of
   krill populations. In this study, the effect of temperature on the
   duration of molting and spawning cycles was used to infer a number of
   reproductive cycles per year. taking into account climate and seasonal
   variation.
PY 2000
VL 57
SU Suppl. 3
BP 6
EP 15
UT ISI:000166531600002
ER

PT J
AU Ren, JS
   Ross, AH
   Schiel, DR
TI Functional descriptions of feeding and energetics of the Pacific oyster
   Crassostrea gigas in New Zealand
SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES
LA English
DT Article
AB Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas were fed a mixed diet of algae and
   silt over a range of concentrations from 0.8 to 637 mg l(-1), and an
   organic content ranging from 0.7 to 72%. These data were used to
   parameterise a set of functions describing the physiological response
   of oysters to varying environmental conditions. All parameters were
   standardised to body length. There was greater variation of
   size-specific clearance rate (CR) standardised to dry tissue weight
   than to length. CR increased hyperbolically with temperature with a
   maximum rate (0.24 l h(-1) cm(-1)) at 20.7 degreesC. Most feeding
   experiments were carried out at 10 to 13 degreesC, except for the
   measurements of temperature effect. CR increased rapidly with
   increasing seston concentration, peaked at about 10 mg l(-1), above
   which it consistently decreased. It was modelled as a function of
   pumping rate of water and extraction efficiency of particles from
   water. The filtration rate was found to be a Type 2 hyperbolic function
   of seston concentration within the range tested. Ingestion rate was
   described as a function of food quantity, quality and selective
   ingestion of organic particles. A positive effect of organic content on
   absorption efficiency was found only at a very low organic content of
   less than 5 %, while above this level, absorption efficiency was
   constant at 86 %. Oxygen consumption rate had an allometric
   relationship to body size and increased over the range of experimental
   temperatures.
PY 2000
VL 208
BP 119
EP 130
UT ISI:000166447900010
ER

PT J
AU Scharf, FS
   Juanes, F
   Rountree, RA
TI Predator size - prey size relationships of marine fish predators:
   interspecific variation and effects of ontogeny and body size on
   trophic-niche breadth
SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES
LA English
DT Article
AB We utilized a long-term data base collected over a broad geographic
   range to examine predator size-prey size relationships for 18 species
   of marine fish predators from continental shelf waters off the
   northeast US coast. Regression analysis was used to illustrate
   interspecific variation in ontogenetic patterns of prey size use, gape
   allometries, and ratio-based trophic niche breadths. Size-based feeding
   strategies were assessed through comparison of frequency distributions
   of relative prey sizes eaten and were related to general predator
   feeding tactics and gape morphology. The results demonstrated that the
   range of prey sizes eaten expanded with increasing predator body size
   for each of the marine predators examined, leading to asymmetric
   predator size-prey size distributions. Absolute maximum prey size and
   slopes of maximum prey size versus predator size varied widely among
   predator taxa. Distinct size-based feeding strategies were evident, as
   diets of some predators were dominated by prey that were 10 to 20% of
   predator size, whereas other predators frequently consumed prey >50 %
   of predator size. Gape sizes and allometric relationships with body
   size were also diverse among predators and often were closely
   associated with maximum prey sizes. Ratio-based trophic-niche breadths
   generally did not expand with predator ontogeny and tended to narrow
   for the largest predators, which may be common for animal taxa. PY 2000 VL 208 BP 229 EP 248 UT ISI:000166447900019 ER

PT J
AU Hays, GC
   Adams, CR
   Broderick, AC
   Godley, BJ
   Lucas, DJ
   Metcalfe, JD
   Prior, AA
TI The diving behaviour of green turtles at Ascension Island
SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
LA English
DT Article
AB For six green turtles, Chelonia mydas, that had nested on Ascension
   Island in the South Atlantic, we used time-depth recorders to examine
   their diving behaviour during the subsequent internesting interval
   (10-12 days). All the turtles performed dives where they remained at a
   fixed depth for a long period, surfaced briefly and then dived to the
   same depth again. It is generally believed these dive profiles are
   caused by the turtles resting on the sea bed. The maximum depth that
   turtles routinely reached on these resting dives was between 18 and 20
   m, with resting dives deeper than 20 m being extremely rare. Resting
   dive duration increased significantly with deeper dives. From this
   relationship, and assuming that turtles with fully inflated lungs at
   the surface need to dive to 19 m to achieve negative buoyancy, we
   estimated for two turtles that the oxygen consumption during resting
   dives was 0.016 and 0.020 litres O-2/kg per h, respectively. This is
   similar to the value predicted from the allometric scaling relationship
   for the minimal oxygen consumption of turtles. We calculated that the
   energy conserved by resting during the internesting period may
   appreciably increase the reproductive output of females. (C) 2000 The
   Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
PD MAR
PY 2000
VL 59
PN Part 3
BP 577
EP 586
UT ISI:000086429400013
ER

PT J
AU Bussenschutt, M
   Pahl-Wostl, C
TI Diversity patterns in climax communities
SO OIKOS
LA English
DT Article
AB This work focuses on a special type of generic ecosystem model that
   allows to investigate self-organization in ecological networks. The
   experiments focus on the long-term behavior of dynamically adapting
   food webs that are constantly faced with invading new species. The
   emphasis lies on patterns that arise from within the system and their
   dependence on environmental factors.
   The model which has been built to simulate these patterns is a highly
   abstracted representation of nutrient flows in a food web. It is based
   on allometric relationships for the physiological rates and the
   diversity of time scales present in the system. Dynamic changes in the
   food web are introduced by way of immigration of new species and
   extinction of existing ones.
   We find that the food webs eventually arrive at a steady state with
   respect to species number and diversity, this climax state being
   dependent on nutrient availability. Fitting the resulting
   species-biomass distributions with different models from applied
   ecology, a remarkable agreement with MacArthur's Broken Stick model can
   be observed. This finding suggests that the limited resources are
   apportioned simultaneously rather than sequentially among the species,
   in spite of the successive nature of the invasion.
PD DEC
PY 1999
VL 87
IS 3
BP 531
EP 540
UT ISI:000085318800011
ER

PT J
AU Bussenschutt, M
   Pahl-Wostl, C
TI A discrete, allometric approach to the modeling of ecosystem dynamics SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article AB This work focuses on a special type of generic ecosystem model that
   allows for the investigation of the dynamics of ecological networks.
   The emphasis lies on patterns that arise from within the system and
   their dependency on environmental factors, and the relationship between
   network structure. organization and performance. The model which has
   been built to simulate these patterns is a highly abstracted
   representation of nutrient flows in a food web. It is based on
   allometric relationships for the physiological rates and the diversity
   of time scales present in the system. The functional response of
   predator to prey abundance is defined as a two dimensional extension of
   a Holling type III function. A comparison of the most commonly used
   predation functions reveals that neither prey- nor ratio-dependent
   functions can account for the different responses for very high/very
   low predator and prey densities. Only by employing predator and prey
   dependence can unrealistic behavior, as displayed by one-dimensional
   functions, be avoided. Finally, we show an example of the model's
   capability to make statements about general rules connecting ecosystem
   structure, organization and performance. It is found that a system's
   nutrient efficiency is correlated both to its functional diversity and
   to its temporal organization of nutrient hows. In a large number of
   differently structured food webs and under varying environmental
   conditions, the diversity of temporal and functional niches enhances
   the efficiency of nutrient utilization. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.
   All rights reserved.
PD FEB 1
PY 2000
VL 126
IS 1
BP 33
EP 48
UT ISI:000085210300003
ER

PT J
AU Felip, M
   Catalan, J
TI The relationship between phytoplankton biovolume and chlorophyll in a
   deep oligotrophic lake: decoupling in their spatial and temporal maxima SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB The seasonal distributions of phytoplankton biovolume and chlorophyll a
   content were monitored for 14 months in a deep oligotrophic, high
   mountain lake (Redo, Pyrenees). An allometric relationship of
   chlorophyll with biovolume was found throughout the period studied,
   with a correlation coefficient of 0.66. However, the relationship
   changed with season and the taxonomic composition of the phytoplankton.
   Both parameters showed a similar seasonal pattern, but differences in
   space and time were observed. The chlorophyll maximum was recorded
   deeper and later than that of phytoplankton biovolume. While the
   biovolume maximum was related to an improvement in conditions for
   growth (nutrient input during column mixing periods), and reflected an
   increase in biomass, the chlorophyll maximum was related to changes in
   cell pigment content, and to spatial or successional trends in species
   dominance. Flagellated chrysophytes predominated at the chlorophyll
   maxima. Chlorophyll content per unit of phytoplankton biovolume
   fluctuated greatly throughout the year, depending on light intensity,
   temperature and phytoplankton composition. Of the main groups of
   phytoplankton in the lake, the dinoflagellates, which dominated the
   summer epilimnion phytoplankton community, recorded the lowest pigment
   content per biovolume (which is consistent with their size). Higher
   chlorophyll contents per biovolume were found in the deep hypolimnion
   and during the winter cover period associated with small cells such as
   some species of chlorococcales chlorophytes. When flagellated
   chrysophytes were predominant, a broad range of chlorophyll values per
   biovolume was found and there was no significant correlation between
   the two biomass indices. These findings reaffirm the need to treat
   phytoplankton biomass estimates with caution, in particular when
   conducting primary production studies. While our results show that
   changes in chlorophyll content per cell occur as a photoacclimation
   response along a vertical profile, they also point out a component of
   the successional trends which appear in a phytoplankton growth phase in
   a lake.
PD JAN
PY 2000
VL 22
IS 1
BP 91
EP 105
UT ISI:000084903900007
ER

PT J
AU Samad, M
   Abbas, G
TI Weight-length and condition factor relationship of the mullets, Liza
   subviridis, L-carinata, and Valamugil cunnesius from Sandspit
   backwaters (Northern Arabian Sea)
SO INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES
LA English
DT Article
AB This paper reports weight-length and condition factor relationship, by
   sexes, of the mullets Liza subviridis, L. carinata, and Valamugil
   cunnesius ranging from 115 to 202 mm, 110 to 190 mm and 134 to 194 mm
   in total length, respectively, sampled from the backwaters of Sandspit
   during July 1991 to July 1993. Log transformed regression were used to
   test the growth of the specimens (N=1241). The males of the 3 species
   were heavier and grew faster than the females in view of the values of
   regression coefficient b which were significantly higher than b = 3.0
   (an ideal slope) so that the growth was allometric. Condition factor
   was directly proportional to the weight or length of the fishes. PD DEC PY 1999 VL 69 IS 12 BP 1079 EP 1082 UT ISI:000084806800028 ER

PT J
AU Clark, ST
   Odell, DK
TI Allometric relationships and sexual dimorphism in captive killer whales
   (Orcinus orca)
SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Morphometric data were collected on 30 captive killer whales (Orcinus
   orca, 10 males, 20 females) from 1984 to 1996 at SeaWorld parks to
   document allometric relationships and sexual dimorphism. All nine
   characters examined exhibited negative allometric linear relationships
   with total length. Proportional sexual dimorphism was apparent only in
   length of flipper and height of dorsal fin among larger males. Absolute
   sexual dimorphism was detected in all categories. Anterior and
   posterior length of flippers for males were best approximated by a
   piecewise linear-regression model that suggested a greater rate of
   growth in larger males. That may have been the result of onset of an
   adolescent growth spurt for males and perhaps is necessary to maintain
   hydrodynamic stability. Girth measurements (girth at anterior origin of
   dorsal fin, girth at axilla, girth at genital slit) regressed on total
   length were linear for males and smaller females (<500 cm total
   length). Increased variability of girth measurements and distance
   between mammary slits in females >500 cm apparently was due to
   pregnancies. A piecewise linear-regression described growth of dorsal
   fins of males. The growth coefficient was greater in larger males.
   Additionally, adult males had greater dorsal fin ratios (height:base
   length) than females. The relationship of distance from blowhole to tip
   of dorsal fin regressed on total length was significant. This
   morphometric has applications for estimating length of killer whales
   during photogrammetric studies of wild animals.
PD AUG
PY 1999
VL 80
IS 3
BP 777
EP 785
UT ISI:000082444800008
ER

PT J
AU Taylor, MW
   Taylor, RB
   Rees, TAV
TI Allometric evidence for the dominant role of surface cells in ammonium
   metabolism and photosynthesis in northeastern New Zealand seaweeds SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article AB Relationships between seaweed morphology and the metabolism of ammonium
   and carbon were examined for 9 seaweeds from northeastern New Zealand.
   Maximum rates of surge ammonium uptake and ammonium assimilation, in
   addition to the maximum ammonium storage pool, were strongly positively
   correlated with seaweed surface area:volume (SA:V) ratio when expressed
   per g dry weight, but were largely independent of SA:V ratio when
   expressed per cm(2) surface area. This suggests that ammonium
   metabolism may be confined largely to the outermost cell layers.
   Similar scaling properties were found for rates of photosynthesis and,
   to a lesser extent, respiration. Rates of photosynthesis were similar
   to those derived from the literature for northern hemisphere seaweeds,
   while respiration rates were slightly lower among New Zealand seaweeds.
   These comparatively minor geographic differences suggest that
   previously documented differences in rates of ammonium uptake between
   the 2 regions are not related to carbon metabolism. Maximum rates of
   ammonium assimilation were determined by measuring the internally
   controlled rate of ammonium uptake, which closely matched the
   assimilation rate in the green seaweed Ulva sp., the red seaweed
   Osmundaria colensoi, and the brown seaweed Zonaria turneriana. PY 1999 VL 184 BP 73 EP 81 UT ISI:000082207800010 ER

PT J
AU Hendriks, AJ
TI Allometric scaling of rate, age and density parameters in ecological
   models
SO OIKOS
LA English
DT Review
AB Over 100 allometric regressions on rare [kg kg(-1) d(-1) = d(-1)], age
   [d] and density [kg km(-2)] parameters often used in ecological models
   were collected in a literature review. For each parameter, typical
   coefficients and exponents that covered most of the correlations found
   were selected. The parameters were checked for consistency by comparing
   them to each other, e.g. mortality versus age and to independent data,
   e.g. production and respiration rate constants versus production
   efficiency.
   Exponents for consumption, production and respiration rates on the one
   hand and slopes for maturation. average and maximum age on the other,
   scale to size with an exponent of the same magnitude but opposite sign.
   Most values are between +/- 0.25 and +/- 0.33. No consistent
   differences between parameters and species were found.
   Coefficients for production and respiration were largely consistent
   with those for ingestion and with independent data on assimilation and
   production efficiencies. The same was concluded for production versus
   mortality. for mortality versus age as well as maximum versus average
   production and consumption. Warm-blooded animals consume, produce and
   respite at rates about 10 times higher than equally sized cold-blooded
   species. The reverse uas noted for age and possibly density.
   Population density of individual species and biota density of geometric
   size classes are nearly independent of size for regressions that span a
   wide size range. The coefficients for density vary up to two orders of
   magnitude. depending on local conditions.
   Most allometric regressions reported apply to aquatic invertebrates or
   terrestrial birds and mammals of the biophageous food chain. Yet, the
   rate and age regressions that include other species do not indicate
   substantial deviations for bacteria, micro-and macrophytes and for
   terrestrial (saprophageous) invertebrates.
   The set of typical values derived may facilitate parameter estimation
   for generic models. For specific models, the regressions collected in
   the literature review may provide initial values for parameters. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 86 IS 2 BP 293 EP 310 UT ISI:000082100200011 ER

PT J
AU Nagy, KA
   Girard, IA
   Brown, TK
TI Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds
SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF NUTRITION
LA English
DT Review
AB We summarize the recent information on field metabolic rates (FMR) of
   wild terrestrial vertebrates as determined by the doubly labeled water
   technique. Allometric (scaling) relationships are calculated for
   mammals (79 species), reptiles (55 species), and birds (95 species) and
   for various taxonomic, dietary, and habitat groups within these
   categories. Exponential equations based on body mass are offered for
   predicting rates of daily energy expenditure and daily food
   requirements of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds. Significant
   scaling differences between various taxa, dietary, and habitat groups
   (detected by analysis of covariance with P 0.05) include the following:
   (a) The allometric slope for reptiles (0.889) is greater than that for
   mammals (0.734), which is greater than that for birds (0.681); (b) the
   slope for eutherian mammals (0.772) is greater than that for marsupial
   mammals (0.590); (c) among families of birds, slopes do not differ but
   elevations (intercepts) do, with passerine and procellariid birds
   having relatively high FMRs and gallinaceous birds having low FMRs; (d)
   Scleroglossan lizards have a higher slope (0.949) than do Iguanian
   lizards (0.793); (e) desert mammals have a higher slope (0.785) than do
   nondesert mammals; (f) marine birds have relatively high FMRs and
   desert birds have low FMRs; and (g) carnivorous mammals have a
   relatively high slope and carnivorous, insectivorous, and nectarivorous
   birds have relatively higher FMRs than do omnivores and granivores. The
   difference detected between passerine and nonpasserine birds reported
   in earlier reviews is not evident in the larger data set analyzed here.
   When the results are adjusted for phylogenetic effects using
   independent contrasts analysis, the difference between allometric
   slopes for marsupials and eutherians is no longer significant and the
   slope difference between Scleroglossan and Iguanian lizards disappears
   as well, but other taxonomic differences remain significant. Possible
   causes of the unexplained variations in FMR that could improve our
   currently inaccurate FMR prediction capabilities should be evaluated,
   including many important groups of terrestrial vertebrates that remain
   under- or unstudied and such factors as reproductive, thermoregulatory,
   social, and predator-avoidance behavior.
PY 1999
VL 19
BP 247
EP 277
UT ISI:000082007300013
ER

PT J
AU Bond, WJ
   Honig, M
   Maze, KE
TI Seed size and seedling emergence: an allometric relationship and some
   ecological implications
SO OECOLOGIA
LA English
DT Article
AB We develop a geometric model predicting that maximum seedling emergence
   depth should scale as the cube root of seed weight. We tested the
   prediction by planting seeds from 17 species ranging in weight from 0.1
   to 100 mg at a variety of depths in a sand medium. The species were
   spread across 16 genera and 13 families, all occurring in fire-prone
   fynbos shrublands of South Africa. Maximum emergence depth was found to
   scale allometrically with seed weight with an exponent of 0.334, close
   to the predicted value. We used the allometry to predict recruitment
   response to experimentally simulated variation in fire intensity. Five
   species with small (<2 mg) seeds and five with large (>10 mg) seeds
   were planted at less than or equal to 20-mm and 40-mm depths and
   exposed to low and high heat treatments and a control. The allometric
   equation predicted that species with large seeds would be able to
   emerge from a depth of 40 mm but those with small seeds would not. Only
   1% of 481 seedlings from small-seeded species emerged from the 40-mm
   planting compared with 40% of 626 seedlings from the large-seeded
   group. The simulated fire treatments killed seeds in shallow, but not
   deeper, soil layers. At simulated high fire intensities, seedling
   emergence was poor in small-seeded species but good in large-seeded
   species, with most seedlings emerging from the 40-mm planting depth.
   Seed size could be a useful general predictor of recruitment success
   under different fire intensities in this system. We suggest that
   allometric relationships in plants deserve wider attention as
   predictive tools.
PD JUL
PY 1999
VL 120
IS 1
BP 132
EP 136
UT ISI:000081839700016
ER

PT J
AU Morris, EC
TI Density-dependent mortality induced by low nutrient status of the
   substrate
SO ANNALS OF BOTANY
LA English
DT Article
AB The hypothesis that changing the fertility level of the substrate would
   change the self-thinning line (different slope or intercept) followed
   by high-density populations was tested by solving populations of Ocimum
   basilicum L. at two densities on a soil-based potting mix adjusted to
   three fertility levels (F0, F1 and F2). Fertility level significantly
   affected the slope of the thinning lines for both shoot and root
   biomass. For shoot biomass, more mortality occurred per unit increase
   in biomass as fertility level declined (the slope of the thinning line
   became flatter). The slope of the log shoot biomass vs. log density
   relationship was -0.5 at the F2-, zero at the F1-, and 0.94 at the
   F0-fertility. For the log root biomass vs. log density lines, slopes
   were zero at the F2- and F0-fertility levels, and -0.32 at F1. Packing
   of shoot biomass into canopies of individual plants correlated well
   with observed exponents of self-thinning lines at the F2- and
   F1-fertility level. Plants at the F2-fertility level required more
   canopy space to support a given shoot biomass than plants at F1,
   indicating that shoot competition was more intense at the F2-fertility
   level for a given biomass. Leaf area index and size inequality also
   increased with fertility level for a given shoot biomass.
   Density-dependent mortality in populations grown at the F0-fertility
   level was highly unusual in having a positive slope for the shoot
   biomass vs. density relationship. Shoot growth per plant was static vs
   density declined in the F0-populations; however, root growth per plant
   increased. All measurements of shoot growth (mass, height, canopy
   extension, leaf area) remained static in the F0-populations: root mass
   and length increased in comparison. It is argued that root competition
   became sufficiently intense to cause the density-dependent mortality
   seen at the F0-fertility level, with little contribution of shoot
   competition to mortality. (C) 1999 Annals of Botany Company. PD JUL PY 1999 VL 84 IS 1 BP 95 EP 107 UT ISI:000081283700011 ER

PT J
AU Richardson, AJ
   Verheye, HM
TI Growth rates of copepods in the southern Benguela upwelling system: The
   interplay between body size and food
SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY
LA English
DT Article
AB Copepod growth rates were estimated from shipboard measurements of egg
   production of adult female Calanus agulhensis, Calanoides carinatus,
   Nannocalanus minor, and Centropages brachiatus and molting rates of
   juvenile stages (N6-C5) of C. agulhensis. Data were obtained during
   austral spring and summer of 1989-1995 in the southern Benguela
   upwelling system. While maximum growth rates showed less than a
   threefold decline over the body-size range examined (525-2,763-mu m
   total length), probably owing to allometric considerations, mean growth
   rate decreased by one order of magnitude, suggesting limitation of
   growth rate by an environmental factor Most of this decline in mean
   growth rate was attributable to food limitation of large copepods.
   Frequency distributions of growth rate under low food densities were
   severely skewed toward slow growth rate for large copepods, whereas
   they were more symmetric for smaller copepods. In contrast, at high
   food concentrations, the frequency distributions had a high degree of
   symmetry for all copepods. These frequency distributions were
   interpreted in terms of a probabilistic model describing the encounter
   rate of copepods with suitably sized food particles. The effect of food
   limitation on growth rate was evaluated by regressing the coefficient
   of variation of growth rate against body size. A strong positive
   relationship was found (r(2) = 0.93, P < 0.001), indicating that small
   copepods were always sowing well, whereas the growth rate of large
   copepods was more variable. It is suggested that this difference is a
   consequence of the ability of small copepods to consume small
   particles, which are present at a relatively constant background
   density.
PD MAR
PY 1999
VL 44
IS 2
BP 382
EP 392
UT ISI:000079309300013
ER

PT J
AU Mahmood, I
TI Interspecies scaling: Predicting volumes, mean residence time and
   elimination half-life. Some suggestions
SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Extrapolation of animal data to assess pharmacokinetic parameters in
   man is an important tool in drug development. Clearance, volume of
   distribution and elimination half-life are the three most frequently
   extrapolated pharmacokinetic parameters. Extensive work has been done
   to improve the predictive performance of allometric scaling for
   clearance. In general there is good correlation between body weight and
   volume, hence volume in man can be predicted with reasonable accuracy
   from animal data. Besides the volume of distribution in the central
   compartment (V-c), two other volume terms, the volume of distribution
   by area (V-beta) and the volume of distribution at steady state
   (Vd(ss)), are also extrapolated from animals to man. This report
   compares the predictive performance of allometric scaling for V-c,
   V-beta and Vd(ss) in man from animal data.
   The relationship between elimination half-life (t1/2) and body weight
   across species results in poor correlation, most probably because of
   the hybrid nature of this parameter. To predict half-life in man from
   animal data, an indirect method (CL=VK, where CL=clearance, V is volume
   and K is elimination rate constant) has been proposed. This report
   proposes another indirect method which uses the mean residence time
   (MRT). After establishing that MRT can be predicted across species, it
   was used to predict half-life using the equation MRT = 1.44 x t1/2.
   The results of the study indicate that V, is predicted more accurately
   than Vp and Vdss in man. It should be emphasized that for first-time
   dosing in man, V,is a more important pharmacokinetic parameter than Vp
   or Vdss. Furthermore, MRT can be predicted reasonably well for man and
   can be used for prediction of half-life.
PD MAY
PY 1998
VL 50
IS 5
BP 493
EP 499
UT ISI:000079043800007
ER

PT J
AU Cornelissen, JHC
TI A triangular relationship between leaf size and seed size among woody
   species: allometry, ontogeny, ecology and taxonomy
SO OECOLOGIA
LA English
DT Article
AB A hypothesized relationship between seed weight and leaf size was
   investigated for 58 diverse British (semi-)woody species. Interspecific
   variation in leaf size of adult plants corresponded allometrically with
   interspecific variation in the weight of an infructescence
   (seed-bearing inflorescence). The relationship between seed size and
   leaf size of adult plants was triangular. The corners of the triangle
   were interpreted in terms of ecological strategy. Medium-sized
   infructescences, small seeds and large leaves were seen among
   medium-sized, fast-growing, earlier-successional, mostly deciduous
   shrubs and trees; small infructescences, small seeds and small leaves
   mostly among low, slow-growing evergreens from stress-prone, proclimax
   habitats; and large infructescences, large seeds and large leaves among
   slow-growing, later-successional trees of potential competitive vigour.
   The hypothesis that the combination of large seeds and small leaves is
   allometrically unlikely was supported by the data. The roles of
   ontogeny and taxonomic relatedness in the seed size-leaf size
   relationship were examined by correlative and taxonomic analyses of
   seed, plant and leaf size during the unfolding, of the life history
   from seed through two seedling phases to adulthood. Deciduous versus
   evergreen leaf habit was a source of deviation from the otherwise
   linear allometric relationships during ontogenetic development, none of
   which were, individually, confounded significantly with taxonomy. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 118 IS 2 BP 248 EP 255 UT ISI:000078978400017 ER

PT J
AU Maurer, BA
TI The evolution of body size in birds. II. The role of reproductive power SO EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Given that body mass evolves non-randomly in birds, it is important to
   ask what factors might be responsible. One suggestion is that the rate
   at which individuals turn resources into offspring, termed
   'reproductive power', might explain this non-randomness. This is
   because, in mammals, the body mass with the highest reproductive power
   is the most common (modal) one. Reproductive power was estimated for
   birds from data on energetic content of eggs and population
   productivity. According to the formulation of Brown et al. (1993),
   reproductive power is composed of two component processes: acquisition
   (acquiring resources and storing them in reproductive biomass) and
   conversion (converting reproductive biomass into offspring). As with
   mammals, estimates of reproductive power indicate that the most common
   body mass in birds is also the body mass that maximizes reproductive
   power. The relationship between reproductive power and diversity is
   different for species smaller than this modal body mass when compared
   to those that are larger. The relationship of body mass and
   reproductive power is different between birds and mammals in two ways:
   (1) the body mass that maximizes reproductive power is smaller in birds
   (33 g) than in mammals (100 g), and (2) mammals generate more
   reproductive power than an equivalent-sized bird. Reproductive power is
   determined primarily by acquisition in small birds and mammals, while
   it is determined by conversion in the largest birds and mammals. It is
   likely that reproductive power is closely tied to the evolution and
   diversification of body masses because it constrains the ways in which
   traits affecting fitness can evolve.
PD NOV
PY 1998
VL 12
IS 8
BP 935
EP 944
UT ISI:000078131700004
ER

PT J
AU McCann, K
TI Density-dependent coexistence in fish communities
SO ECOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB A set of stage-structured competition models is considered. The models
   are parameterized using allometric relationships specific to four fish
   life history strategies, constraining the model to biologically
   plausible regions in parameter space. Using a coupled consumer-resource
   competition model, I get the paradoxical result that two populations
   can coexist in equilibrium on an identical resource base, without
   recourse to temporal or spatial partitioning. In contrast to much
   theory on limiting similarity, the model also predicts that fish
   populations of similar life history strategies can coexist in
   equilibrium with complete resource overlap. This form of coexistence
   (called density-dependent coexistence) requires that life history
   strategies differ such that an advantage at one stage of the life cycle
   implies a disadvantage at another stage in the life cycle. These exact
   life history trade-offs appear in small-bodied fish. Furthermore, it is
   postulated that this result may be applicable to other taxa. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 79 IS 8 BP 2957 EP 2967 UT ISI:000077501000028 ER

PT J
AU Gin, KYH
   Guo, JH
   Cheong, HF
TI A size-based ecosystem model for pelagic waters
SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING
LA English
DT Article
AB Size-based models offer a holistic approach to understanding the
   structure and function of pelagic ecosystems, compared to simple models
   in which the entire system is represented by a single phytoplankton and
   zooplankton species. In this study, a one-dimensional size spectral
   model is constructed to simulate the temporal and vertical variability
   in the microbial community, nutrients and primary productivity. The
   approach taken is based on published allometric relationships governing
   physiological and ecological processes for phytoplankton and
   zooplankton. Since these allometric relationships are objective
   estimators of ecological parameters and are not dependent on knowledge
   of particular species, these models can be used to describe general
   features of the ecosystem. The model is driven by light, temperature
   and nutrient availability and is applied to an oligotrophic system in
   the Sargasso Sea-the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) station, where
   field data on size spectra has recently been acquired. The model is
   able to reproduce the general overall features of this oceanic
   ecosystem fairly well: It depicts a late winter/early spring bloom and
   low production during the summer and fall months. In addition, a deep
   subsurface phytoplankton biomass maximum is produced in the summer,
   consistent with field measurements. The model prediction for size
   spectra is reasonably successful, although further refinement is
   necessary. As a whole, the model is fairly robust and can also be
   applied to ecosystems of different trophic state. (C) 1998 Elsevier
   Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PD OCT 1
PY 1998
VL 112
IS 1
BP 53
EP 72
UT ISI:000076673300004
ER

PT J
AU Bryan, PJ
   McClintock, JB
   Baker, BJ
TI Population biology and antipredator defenses of the shallow-water
   Antarctic nudibranch Tritoniella belli
SO MARINE BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB The circumpolar nudibranch Tritoniella belli Eliot occurs in abundance
   in shallow-water benthic communities of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica.
   Density estimates based on belt transects averaged collectively 0.46
   individuals m(-2) at three study sites between depths of 6 and 30 m in
   November 1996. At two of the sites, population densities increased
   linearly between 18 and 30 m depth (up to 0.7 and 1.15 individuals
   m(-2) at 30 m depth). Individuals at all sites were rare or absent at
   depths shallower than 12 m. Size frequencies of individuals at the
   sites were similar, and a pooled analysis revealed a unimodal
   distribution skewed highly towards juvenile size classes. This suggests
   both recent recruitment and constant rates of mortality across size
   classes. The relationship between foot length and wet weight best fits
   an exponential growth equation, indicative of an allometric growth
   pattern. Distribution of T. belli in the field suggests that it is a
   habitat and diet generalist. Potential invertebrate predators include
   sea anemones and seastars, both of which co-occur in abundance in
   McMurdo Sound. Laboratory experiments indicate that the sea anemone
   Isotealia antarctica can capture and ingest T. belli. However, 70% of
   T. belli that are captured escape from the tentacles or, following
   ingestion, are rejected from the gastrovascular cavity. The seastars
   Odontaster validus, Perknaster fuscus, and Acodontaster conspicuus,
   avoid contact with T. belli, but if forced into contact with mantle
   tissues, retract their tube-feet. Mucus secreted from the mantle
   tissues, coated on to the tips of glass rods, and presented to seastar
   tube-feet, causes significantly longer tube-foot retraction times than
   control rods. Moreover, pieces of freeze-dried krill coated with mantle
   mucus are consumed significantly less often than untreated control
   pieces of krill by a benthic scavenging fish (Pseudotrematomas
   bernacchi). Employing seastar tube-foot retractions as a bioassay, we
   found the bioactive compound(s) are soluble in ethyl acetate,
   indicating they are lipophilic or moderately hydrophilic in nature.
   Chemical defenses in the mucus of T. belli probably contribute to its
   high abundance in Antarctic benthic communities.
PD SEP
PY 1998
VL 132
IS 2
BP 259
EP 265
UT ISI:000076453700009
ER

PT J
AU Boltnev, AI
   York, AE
   Antonelis, GA
TI Northern fur seal young: interrelationships among birth size, growth,
   and survival
SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE
LA English
DT Article
AB We investigated size at birth, growth, and early survival of northern
   fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) from birth to weaning at Bering Island,
   Russia, over 8 breeding seasons from 1982 to 1989. One thousand and
   thirteen fur seals (565 males and 448 females) were measured in a
   longitudinal study and an additional 2697 animals were measured at
   birth. At birth, female pups were about 10% lighter and about 3%
   shorter than male pups. The coefficients of variation of mass (12.5 and
   12.8%) and length (4.5 and 4.7%) were similar for the two sexes. We
   partitioned the lactation period into four time periods: 1, the
   perinatal period (ages 0-10 days); 2, the early development period
   (ages 11-40 days); 3, the period of intensive molting (ages 41-80
   days); and 4, the preweaning period (ages 81-140 days). We investigated
   four measures of growth: absolute growth in mass (AGM) in grams per
   day, absolute growth in length (AGL) in millimetres per day, relative
   growth in mass (RGM) as a percentage per day, and relative growth in
   length (RGL) as a percentage per day. For both sexes, AGM was highest
   during period 4 (mean = 124.8 g/day, SE = 7.4 g/day, and mean = 109.6
   g/day, SE = 6.8 g/day for males and females, respectively) and AGL was
   highest during period 2 (mean = 3.74 mm/day, SE = 0.18 mm/day, and mean
   = 3.42 mm/day, SE = 0.21 mm/day for males and females, respectively).
   RGM (mean = 1.06%, SE = 0.09%, and mean = 1.02%, SE = 0.11% for males
   and females, respectively) and RGL (mean = 0.53%, SE = 0.03%, and mean
   = 0.50%, SE = 0.03% for males and females, respectively) were highest
   during period 2 for both sexes. For both sexes, growth rates were
   slowest during the molting period. Sexual differences were detected in
   AGM in period 4 and for the combined data over periods 1-3. Sexual
   differences in AGL were detected for the combined data over periods 1
   3, and 4 only. No sexual differences in relative growth were found.
   Subsequent growth in mass and length was correlated with birth size. We
   found the greatest annual variation during the periods when growth was
   fastest. Condition indices were calculated using the allometric
   relationship between length and mass separately for neonates and pups
   older than 5 days. The condition indices at birth varied significantly
   annually. The condition index was lowest during the molting period (3).
   Animals that survived for at least 40 days were larger at birth and had
   a higher condition index than those that did not survive. In years of
   moderate or high pup survival rates, survival rates were higher in
   animals born later in the breeding season.
PD MAY
PY 1998
VL 76
IS 5
BP 843
EP 854
UT ISI:000076343200008
ER

PT J
AU Kim, K
   Lasker, HR
TI Allometry of resource capture in colonial cnidarians and constraints on
   modular growth
SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB 1. Indeterminacy in growth of colonial organisms, such as corals, is
   commonly attributed to their modular construction which frees the
   colony from the allometric constraints that limit the size of single
   modules. However, as a colony grows, there may be a decrease in
   resource availability to interior modules because of active depletion
   and/or passive deflection by modules on the exterior. The effects of
   'self-shading' on resource capture in modular animals are modelled
   using a simple allometric growth function.
   2. The model assumes that resource capture by a module scales as an
   exponent (gamma) of colony size (i.e. number of modules). Data taken
   from the literature indicate that model values of gamma for light and
   prey capture range from - 0.80 to - 1.16 for branching and encrusting
   corals. Module-specific rates of resource use (i.e. metabolism) are
   less affected by colony size. Therefore, as a colony grows, net
   resource state eventually reaches zero, making further growth
   unsustainable or determinate.
   3. The model also predicts an inverse relationship between module size
   and colony size such as that observed in Caribbean corals. This
   negative correlation results from the additive effects of module size
   and colony size on the degree of self-shading.
   4, Resource capture is affected by growth form and flow regime, and the
   interaction between them can account for some of the morphological
   variation in corals and other colonial suspension feeders. PD AUG PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 BP 646 EP 654 UT ISI:000076276900017 ER

PT J
AU Enquist, BJ
   Brown, JH
   West, GB
TI Allometric scaling of plant energetics and population density SO NATURE LA English DT Article AB Scaling relationships that describe variation in population density
   with body size in ecological communities, such as the thinning law in
   plant ecology(1-3), can be explained in terms of how individuals use
   resources as a function of their size. Data for rates of xylem
   transport as a function of stem diameter show that rates of resource
   use in individual plants scale as approximately the 3/4 power of body
   mass, which is the same as metabolic rates of animals(4-7). Here we use
   this relationship to develop a mechanistic model for relationships
   between density and mass in resource-limited plants. It predicts that
   average plant size should scale as the -4/3 power of maximum population
   density, in agreement with empirical evidence and comparable
   relationships in animals(5,6,8), but significantly less than the -3/2
   power predicted by geometric models(1). Our model implies that
   fundamental constraints on metabolic rate are reflected in the scaling
   of population density and other ecological and evolutionary phenomena,
   including the finding that resource allocation among species in
   ecosystems is independent of body size(5,6,8).
PD SEP 10
PY 1998
VL 395
IS 6698
BP 163
EP 165
UT ISI:000075829900039
ER

PT J
AU Fromard, F
   Puig, H
   Mougin, E
   Marty, G
   Betoulle, JL
   Cadamuro, L
TI Structure, above-ground biomass and dynamics of mangrove ecosystems:
   new data from French Guiana
SO OECOLOGIA
LA English
DT Article
AB The article presents new results on the structure and the above-ground
   biomass of the various population types of mangroves in French Guiana.
   Nine mangrove stands were studied, each composed of three to ten
   adjoining plots with areas that varied depending on the density of the
   populations. Structural parameters and indices were calculated.
   Individuals representative of the three groups of taxa present were
   felled: Avicennia germinans (L) Steam, Rhizophora spp., and
   Laguncularia racemosa (L) Gaertn. The trunks, branches and leaves were
   sorted and weighed separately. The biomass was obtained by determining
   the allometric relationships, the general equation selected being of
   the type y = a(o)x(a1), where the diameter (x) is the predictive
   variable. The total above-ground biomass varied from 31 t ha(-1) for
   the pioneer stages to 315 t ha(-1) for mature coastal mangroves, but
   with large variations depending on the structural characteristics at
   each site. The results place the Guianese mangroves among those with
   high biomass, although lower than those reported for Asia. Based on the
   relationships between structural parameters and standing biomass, in
   particular with the use of the "self-thinning rule", population
   dynamics models are proposed.
PD JUN
PY 1998
VL 115
IS 1-2
BP 39
EP 53
UT ISI:000074424700006
ER

PT J
AU Xiao, YS
TI What are the units of the parameters in the power function for the
   length-weight relationship?
SO FISHERIES RESEARCH
LA English
DT Article
AB One of the most widely used mathematical models in science Is the power
   function y = ax(b) with variables x and y and constants a and b. For
   example, such a model characterizes the relationship between fish
   length and weight. Yet, no units have been assigned to either a or b,
   partly because of a claim that b has a dimension. If b has a unit,
   almost every piece of work on allometric analysis in the biological
   sciences will be of limited value, with little hope of finding
   invariance in nature. Here, I give not only the correct units for a and
   b in the power function but also units for constants in three more
   general functions, thereby providing a basis for unit conversion
   between these constants in many sciences. In y = ax(b), a has a unit of
   yx(-b); and b is a dimensionless constant. In y = a
   Pi(i=1)(n)x(i)(bi),with variables x(i) and y and constants a and b(i),
   i = 1,2, ..., n, a has a unit of y(Pi(i=1)(n)x(i)(-bi)); and b(i), i =
   1,2, ..., n, is a dimensionless constant. In y = c + a(x - d)(b), with
   variables x and y and constants a, b, c and d, a has a unit of yx(-b);
   b is a dimensionless constant; c has the same unit as y; and d has the
   same unit as x. In y = c + a Pi(i=1)(n)(x(i )- d(i))(bi), with
   variables x(i) and y and constants a, b(i), c and d(i), i = 1,2, ...,
   n, a has a unit of y(Pi(i=1)(n)(x(i) - d(i))(-bi)); b(i) is a
   dimensionless constant; c has the same unit as y; and d(i) has the same
   unit as x(i). (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 35 IS 3 BP 247 EP 249 UT ISI:000074306100010 ER

PT J
AU Blanco, JM
   Quinones, RA
   Guerrero, F
   Rodriguez, J
TI The use of biomass spectra and allometric relations to estimate
   respiration of planktonic communities
SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH
LA English
DT Article
AB In this paper we compared two different approaches to estimate plankton
   energy consumption: (i) combination of the observed biomass-size
   spectrum and empirical allometric relationships between respiration and
   body size, and (ii) the experimental measurement of ETS (electronic
   transfer system) activity. The first approach was carried out through
   both discrete and continuous models. Results indicated a good agreement
   between predicted and observed metabolism in both a freshwater and an
   oceanic plankton assemblage from bacteria to zooplankton. The discrete
   integration of the spectrum accounts better for changing systems than
   continuous integration, which is more appropriate for theoretical
   approaches to studying the metabolism of the community. The combination
   of biomass spectrum slopes and allometric exponents was critical in
   metabolism sensitivity to size structure: flatter biomass slopes (as
   found in microbial assemblages) allow for greater variations in this
   size range to the total metabolism contribution of the planktonic
   community. For future studies, the fast progression in technical
   discrimination and measurement of particles makes this approach a
   promising tool for the analysis of energy budgets in planktonic
   ecosystems.
PD MAY
PY 1998
VL 20
IS 5
BP 887
EP 900
UT ISI:000074194600006
ER

PT J
AU Minguez, E
   Fargallo, JA
   de Leon, A
   Moreno, J
   Moreno, E
TI Age-related variations in bill size of Chinstrap Penguins
SO COLONIAL WATERBIRDS
LA English
DT Article
AB Adult breeding Chinstrap Penguins (Pygoscelis antartica) have larger
   bills than one year old individuals, whereas the flipper length does
   not differ. Therefore, bill size increases with age during the juvenile
   stage. The allometric relationships of both bill length and bill depth
   with flipper length do not differ between age groups. The relation of
   bill length with bill depth does not differ between adults and
   juveniles, suggesting no change in bill shape with age. If the random
   samples of adults and yearlings represent a similar proportion of males
   and females, these results do not support sex divergence in bill growth
   after the first year of life.
PY 1998
VL 21
IS 1
BP 66
EP 68
UT ISI:000074050400008
ER

PT J
AU Watters, G
   Hobday, AJ
TI A new method for estimating the morphometric size at maturity of crabs SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB Existing techniques for estimating the morphometric size at maturity of
   crabs are based on assumptions that may be unnecessary. Here we
   demonstrate a new method of detecting changes in relative growth (or
   allometric) relationships and estimating morphometric size at maturity.
   This method involves fitting several smoothing splines to relationships
   between body size and claw size, selecting the "best" spline, and
   finding this spline's maximum second derivative. The body size where
   the second derivative of the best spline is maximized estimates the
   morphometric size at maturity. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that
   uncertainty and bias in the estimate of morphometric size at maturity
   can be decreased by measuring a large number of crabs from a wide range
   of body sizes. Our spline method does not require a priori assumptions
   about the shape of the relative growth relationship; it can detect
   multiple changes in the relative growth rate; and it is robust to
   outliers. The modeling technique may also be used to identify regions
   of allometric change in other types of relationships. We demonstrate
   the new technique by estimating the morphometric size at sexual
   maturity for males of both brachyuran (Chibnoecetes tanneri) and
   anomuran (Paralomis spinosissima and P. formosa) crabs.
PD MAR
PY 1998
VL 55
IS 3
BP 704
EP 714
UT ISI:000074029600019
ER

PT J
AU Sugiyama, S
   Bazzaz, FA
TI Size dependence of reproductive allocation: the influence of resource
   availability, competition and genetic identity
SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB 1. Resource availability, competition and genetic difference are among
   the main factors causing size variation in plant populations. These
   factors also have great effects on the variation in reproductive
   allocation. We examined the effects of soil nutrient availability,
   competition and genetic identity on the size dependency of reproductive
   allocation in Abutilon theophrasti families grown under different
   conditions of soil nutrient and conspecific competition.
   2. Soil nutrients, competition and genetic identity brought about a
   strong dependency of reproductive allocation on size. However, these
   factors differed in functional forms and signs of the size dependency.
   3. An allometric (log-log) regression between seed mass and vegetative
   mass fit the data better than a linear regression. The slopes of
   allometric regressions for each nutrient treatment were lower than 1.0.
   Therefore, there was a negative relationship between plant size and
   reproductive allocation. However, the slopes calculated over different
   nutrient treatments were greater than 1.0 (i.e. positive relationship
   between plant size and reproductive allocation). We suggest that these
   two reproductive allometries indicate two different biological
   relationships: the former represents a physiological trade-off between
   resource acquisition and reproductive allocation within a plant and the
   latter represents an allometric response to soil nutrients.
   4. Genetic identity showed intrinsic effects on size dependency of
   reproductive allocation owing to trade-off and not as a result of the
   allometric response to soil nutrients.
   5. Nutrient availability changed the slopes of the allometric
   regressions. An increase in nutrient availability alleviated the
   negative relationship between plant size and reproductive allocation.
   6. The slopes of the allometric regressions within nutrient treatments
   were significantly higher in competition treatments than in
   competition-free treatments, although the slopes of the regressions
   over different nutrient levels did not differ between the two
   treatments. These results suggest that the effects of competition on
   reproductive allocation are owing to indirect effects of size
   difference on the allometric relationship rather than intrinsic effects. PD APR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 2 BP 280 EP 288 UT ISI:000073800800013 ER

PT J
AU Han, BP
   Straskraba, M
TI Size dependence of biomass spectra and population density - I. The
   effects of size scales and size intervals
SO JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Empirical biomass spectra in which biomass is measured in
   logarithmically equal body size intervals are different from those
   measured in linearly equal size intervals. Moreover, the scales of body
   size used by different authors may differ, e.g., length, volume,
   equivalent-sphere diameter and body mass. The discrete models derived
   to explain the regularity of the empirical spectra are dependent on the
   choice of size-scales and size-intervals. Hence, evaluating the effect
   of size scales and intervals on biomass spectra is helpful for
   understanding the size-structures of ecosystems. In the present
   contribution, we analyse the relationships between the size measures
   used frequently in expressing the empirical data and discuss the
   difference between the biomass spectra organized in logarithmically
   equal size intervals and those in linearly equal size intervals. On
   this basis, we present the distribution function of biomass spectral
   density and transformation to different size scales. After defining the
   effect of size intervals on the distribution functions of biomass
   spectral density, we give an example of the calculation of this effect
   by assuming that the distribution function of biomass spectral density
   is an allometric relationship. Finally, we explore the influence of
   size intervals on the validity of three discrete models developed by
   Kerr, Sheldon and co-workers and Borgman. (C) 1998 Academic Press
   Limited.
PD APR 7
PY 1998
VL 191
IS 3
BP 259
EP 265
UT ISI:000073697200003
ER

PT J
AU Klingenberg, CP
TI Heterochrony and allometry: the analysis of evolutionary change in
   ontogeny
SO BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS
LA English
DT Review
AB The connection between development and evolution has become the focus
   of an increasing amount of research in recent years, and heterochrony
   has long been a key concept in this relation. Heterochrony is defined
   as evolutionary change in rates and timing of developmental processes;
   the dimension of time is therefore an essential part in studies of
   heterochrony. Over the past two decades, evolutionary biologists have
   used several methodological frameworks to analyse heterochrony, which
   differ substantially in the way they characterize evolutionary changes
   in ontogenies and in the resulting classification, although they mostly
   use the same terms. This review examines how these methods compare
   ancestral and descendant ontogenies, emphasizing their differences and
   the potential for contradictory results from analyses using different
   frameworks. One of the two principal methods uses a clock as a
   graphical display for comparisons of size, shape and age at a
   particular ontogenic stage, whereas the other characterizes a
   developmental process by its time of onset, rate, and time of
   cessation. The literature on human heterochrony provides particularly
   clear examples of how these differences produce apparent contradictions
   when applied to the same problem. Developmental biologists recently
   have extended the concept of heterochrony to the earliest stages of
   development and have applied it at the cellular and molecular scale.
   This extension brought considerations of developmental mechanisms and
   genetics into the study of heterochrony, which previously was based
   primarily on phenomenological characterizations of morphological change
   in ontogeny. Allometry is the pattern of covariation among several
   morphological traits or between measures of size and shape; unlike
   heterochrony, allometry does not deal with time explicitly. Two main
   approaches to the study of allometry are distinguished, which differ in
   the way they characterize organismal form. One approach defines shape
   as proportions among measurements, based on considerations of geometric
   similarity, whereas the other focuses on the covariation among
   measurements in ontogeny and evolution. Both are related conceptually
   and through the use of similar algebra. In addition, there are close
   connections between heterochrony and changes in allometric growth
   trajectories, although there is no one-to-one correspondence. These
   relationships and outline links between different analytical frameworks
   are discussed.
PD FEB
PY 1998
VL 73
IS 1
BP 79
EP 123
UT ISI:000072758600003
ER

PT J
AU Watanabe, Y
   Saito, H
TI Feeding and growth of early juvenile Japanese sardines in the Pacific
   waters off central Japan
SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Larval and early juvenile growth was backcalculated for individual
   Japanese sardines Sardinops melanostictus using the biological
   intercept method based on the allometric relationship between otolith
   radii and fish lengths. Sardines grew at 0.81 mm day(-1) during the
   larval stage. In the early juvenile stage, they grew from 32.3 to 45.1
   mm fork length (L) over a 20-day period (0.64 mm day(-1)). Using the
   observed relationship between L and wet body weight (W), W=0.00942
   L-2.99, W of the sardine juveniles was calculated to increase from 306
   to 832 mg during the 20-day period, The carbon (C) requirement to
   achieve this growth in weight was estimated to increase from 5.7 to 9.6
   mg day(-1). Stomach contents of the sardines were composed mostly of
   copepods (73%) and larvaceans (35%). Wet stomach content weight (W-s)
   was expressed by a power function of the W, W-s=0.731 W-0.658. Carbon
   and nitrogen constituted 41.7 +/- 1.5 and 10.0 +/- 0.4% of the dry W-s,
   respectively. Stomach C content increased from 2.0 to 3.9 mg during the
   20-day period. Three to four cycles of the daily turnover of stomach
   contents during the 16 h of daytime, corresponding to a gastric
   evacuation rate of 0.2-0.3 h(-1) under continuous feeding, met the C
   requirement to achieve the backcalculated growth in early juvenile
   sardines. The Kuroshio frontal waters seem to provide Japanese sardine
   juveniles with favourable growth conditions. (C) 1998 The Fisheries
   Society of the British Isles.
PD MAR
PY 1998
VL 52
IS 3
BP 519
EP 533
UT ISI:000072711500006
ER

PT J
AU Venugopalan, R
   Prajneshu
TI On nonlinear procedure for obtaining length-weight relationship SO INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB A comparative study of linear and non-linear parameter estimation
   procedures for allometric model describing the length - weight
   relationship is carried out. It is shown that the latter approach is
   the correct one from statistical point of view. It is demonstrated. by
   an illustration. that the proposed procedure may yield parameter
   estimates which are not only quantitatively different from the
   corresponding ones for linear estimation but also have a bearing on the
   biological interpretation.
PD JAN
PY 1998
VL 68
IS 1
BP 70
EP 72
UT ISI:000072511200026
ER

PT J
AU Silva, M
TI Allometric scaling of body length: Elastic or geometric similarity in
   mammalian design
SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Allometric scaling of body length was examined for 1,733 estimates of
   body length for a broad taxonomic and size range of mammals. Mammal
   species were classified by locomotion, habitat, and taxonomic
   relatedness. Scaling exponents found in different groups of mammals
   were compared to those predicted by geometric (0.333) and elastic
   (0.250) similitude models. The scaling exponent for the length:mass
   relationship 0.359 agreed better with the geometric-similitude model.
   However, the relationship between body length and body mass was not
   linear as previously postulated, and differences in the scaling
   exponent were found between marine and terrestrial mammals and between
   volant and non-volant forms. Allometric scaling of body length also
   varied among orders and families of mammals.
PD FEB
PY 1998
VL 79
IS 1
BP 20
EP 32
UT ISI:000072193900002
ER

PT J
AU Stockwell, JD
   Johannsson, OE
TI Temperature-dependent allometric models to estimate zooplankton
   production in temperate freshwater lakes
SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES
LA English
DT Review
AB Empirical relationships between body size and temperature, and daily
   PIE of temperate freshwater zooplankton species were derived from the
   literature. Body size explained 81% of the variation in daily PIE of
   zooplankton at temperatures less than or equal to 10 degrees C and 48%
   at temperatures >10 degrees C. The two relationships did not differ in
   slope but significantly differed in elevation. The regression models
   were then applied to zooplankton samples collected from a midlake
   station in Lake Ontario to predict zooplankton seasonal production.
   Production estimates from the regression models, when compared with
   estimates from the egg ratio method for the same data set, were similar
   for cladoceran species, four and 10 times higher for two copepod
   species, and two times higher for total zooplankton production. In
   general, these differences are within the range expected based on
   previous studies that compared different production models. The
   regression models can provide quick, independent estimates of
   zooplankton production to complement estimates based on traditional,
   species-specific methods. Furthermore, the models can be used in
   conjunction with automated synoptic instruments, such as optical
   plankton counters and temperature probes, to provide production
   estimates that better represent large, complex systems such as the
   Great Lakes.
PD OCT
PY 1997
VL 54
IS 10
BP 2350
EP 2360
UT ISI:000071517900012
ER

PT J
AU Pepin, P
   Penney, RW
TI Patterns of prey size and taxonomic composition in larval fish: are
   there general size-dependent models?
SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB The allometric relationship of maxilla length to larval fish weight
   approached a slope of 1/3 for 11 species from Conception Bay,
   Newfoundland. In 10 of these species, mean prey size increased with
   length of the maxilla but not constantly. In six species, niche breadth
   increased with length of maxilla. The rate of change in niche breadth
   was inversely related to the rare of change in mean prey size. Nauplii
   and copepodites of calanoids were selected positively, and cyclopoids
   negatively for almost all species of larval fish. (C) 1997 The
   Fisheries Society of the British Isles.
PD DEC
PY 1997
VL 51
SU Suppl. A
BP 84
EP 100
UT ISI:000071446100005
ER

PT J
AU Venugopalan, R
   Prajneshu
TI A generalized allometric model for determining length-weight
   relationship
SO BIOMETRICAL JOURNAL
LA English
DT Article
AB Well-known allometric model is critically reviewed for determining the
   length-weight relationship. Procedure to be followed for applying this
   model under the assumption of multiplicative as well as additive error
   is discussed. The possibility of autocorrelations in error term is
   explored. It has been demonstrated that the usual allometric
   relationship does not always work satisfactorily. Accordingly, a
   generalization of this model is studied in detail. As an illustration,
   this generalized version of allometric model is used to determine the
   length-weight relationship of some data on the Indian pearl oyster. PY 1997 VL 39 IS 6 BP 733 EP 739 UT ISI:000071243700009 ER

PT J
AU Kelt, DA
TI Assembly of local communities: consequences of an optimal body size for
   the organization of competitively structured communities
SO BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY
LA English
DT Article
AB Much empirical evidence suggests that there is an optimal body size for
   mammals and that this optimum is in the vicinity of 100 g. This
   presumably reflects an underlying fitness function that is greatest at
   this mass. Here, I combine such a fitness function with an equilibrium
   model of competitive character displacement to assess the potential
   influence of a globally optimal body size in structuring local
   ecological communities. The model accurately predicts the range of body
   sizes and the average difference in size for species in communities of
   varying species richness. The model also predicts a uniform spacing of
   body sizes, rather than the gaps and clumps in the sizes of coexisting
   species observed in real communities. Alternative explanations for this
   phenomenon are discussed. The allometric relationships that result in a
   body size optimum subsume a large number of characteristics associated
   with the physiological, behavioral, demographic, and evolutionary
   dynamics of the species. Further integration of the underlying dynamics
   (e.g. individual energetics) of these relationships into all
   hierarchical levels of ecology will have to incorporate multiple
   interactive sites, spatial heterogeneity, and phylogenetic structure,
   but it has the potential to provide important discoveries into the
   means by which natural selection operates.
PD SEP
PY 1997
VL 62
IS 1
BP 15
EP 37
UT ISI:A1997XY70200002
ER

PT J
AU Kinoshita, J
   Hiromi, J
   Kadota, S
TI Do respiratory metabolic rates of the scyphomedusa Aurelia aurita scale
   isometrically throughout ontogeny in a sexual generation?
SO HYDROBIOLOGIA
LA English
DT Article
AB We measured the respiration rate of Aurelia aurita paying special
   attention to the relationship between its metabolic rates and body mass
   throughout ontogeny of the jellyfish in a sexual generation. Two
   different regression lines between respiration rates and body dry
   weight were obtained in ephyra to young medusa (bell diameter = BD
   4.2-19 mm, dry weight = DW 0.07-14 mg DW) and medusa (BD17-120 mm,
   12-2100 mg DW), at respective temperatures of 10 degrees C and 15
   degrees C. The cut off point of the metabolic rates was found at the
   developmental stage just being metamorphosed into medusa shape (BD
   12-20 mm). The slope value of medusa respiration rate was close to
   isometric scaling (0.9), whereas that of ephyra to young medusa was
   lower (0.6). Ecological implications of allometric scaling in the early
   developmental stages of ephyrae and metephyrae were discussed. PD MAR 28 PY 1997 VL 347 BP 51 EP 55 UT ISI:A1997XV45000005 ER

PT J
AU Reynolds, PS
TI Phylogenetic analysis of surface areas of mammals
SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Traditionally, aquatic and terrestrial mammals have been believed to
   differ in the allometric relationship of surface area and body mass.
   Such differences commonly are assumed to be of adaptive significance.
   However, no previous analyses have explicitly compared these groups or
   accounted for bias resulting from phylogenetic relationships. I used
   Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the relationship of surface area to
   body mass of 56 aquatic and terrestrial species of mammals. These
   procedures specifically incorporate the phylogenetic structure of the
   data. There was no support for the assumption of differing
   mass-specific surface areas of marine mammals and terrestrial mammals. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 78 IS 3 BP 859 EP 868 UT ISI:A1997XU24300015 ER

PT J
AU Gunderson, DR
TI Trade-off between reproductive effort and adult survival in oviparous
   and viviparous fishes
SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES
LA English
DT Review
AB An interspecific analysis of life history characteristics for 28 stocks
   of fish showed that age at maturity (alpha), natural mortality (M), and
   reproductive effort (gonadosomatic index, GSI) were weakly (r(2)=
   0.18-0.33) but significantly correlated with body size. Viviparity was
   associated with reduced reproductive effort, reduced age at maturity,
   and low M relative to oviparous species of a corresponding size. The
   allometric relationships of alpha, M, and GSI with L-infinity showed a
   high degree of scatter but were in agreement with predictions from
   models based on metabolic and ecological constraints on assimilation
   rate. In addition, however, residuals around the GSI-L-infinity and
   M-L-infinity relationships showed a strong positive correlation (r(2) =
   0.64), consistent with previous intraspecific manipulation experiments
   that indicated that reproductive effort and Mare genetically linked. A
   strong positive correlation (r(2) = 0.75) was found between GSI and M,
   and this relationship did not differ significantly between oviparous
   and viviparous species.
PD MAY
PY 1997
VL 54
IS 5
BP 990
EP 998
UT ISI:A1997XF49600003
ER

PT J
AU Schreer, JF
   Kovacs, KM
TI Allometry of diving capacity in air-breathing vertebrates
SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE
LA English
DT Review
AB Maximum diving depths and durations were examined in relation to body
   mass for birds, marine mammals, and marine turtles. There were strong
   allometric relationships between these parameters (log(10) transformed)
   among air-breathing: vertebrates (r = 0.71, n = 111 for depth; r =
   0.84, n = 121 for duration), although there was considerable scatter
   around the regression lines. Many of the smaller taxonomic groups also
   had a strong allometric relationship between diving capacity (maximum
   depth and duration) and body mass. Notable exceptions were mysticete
   cetaceans and diving/flying birds, which displayed no relationship
   between maximum diving depth and body mass, and otariid seals, which
   showed no relationship between maximum diving depth or duration and
   body mass. Within the diving/flying bird group, only alcids showed a
   significant relationship (r = 0.81, n = 9 for depth). The diving
   capacities of penguins had the highest correlations with body mass (r =
   0.81, n = 11 for depth; r = 0.93, n = 9 for duration), followed by
   those of odontocete cetaceans (r = 0.75, n = 21 for depth; r = 0.84, n
   = 22 for duration) and phocid seals (r = 0.70, n = 15 for depth; r =
   0.59, n = 16 for duration). Mysticete cetaceans showed a strong
   relationship between maximum duration and body mass (r = 0.84, n = 9).
   Comparisons across the various groups indicated that alcids, penguins,
   and phocids are all exceptional divers relative to their masses and
   that mysticete cetaceans dive to shallower depths and for shorter
   periods than would be predicted from their size. Differences among
   groups, as well as the lack of relationships within some groups, could
   often be explained by factors such as the various ecological feeding
   niches these groups exploit, or by variations in the methods used to
   record their behavior.
PD MAR
PY 1997
VL 75
IS 3
BP 339
EP 358
UT ISI:A1997XB77600001
ER

PT J
AU Duarte, P
   Ferreira, JG
TI A model for the simulation of macroalgal population dynamics and
   productivity
SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING
LA English
DT Article
AB A mathematical model to simulate the population dynamics and
   productivity of macroalgae is described. The model calculates the
   biomass variation of a population divided into size-classes. Biomass
   variation in each class is estimated from the mass balance of carbon
   fixation, carbon release and demographic processes such as mortality
   and frond breakage. The transitions between the different classes are
   calculated in biomass and density units as a function of algal growth.
   Growth is computed from biomass variations using an allometric
   relationship between weight and length. Gross and net primary
   productivity is calculated from biomass production and losses over the
   period of simulation. The model allows the simulation of different
   harvesting strategies of commercially important species. The cutting
   size and harvesting period may be changed in order to optimise the
   calculated yields. The model was used with the agarophyte Gelidium
   sesquipedale (Clem.) Born. et Thur. This species was chosen because of
   its economic importance as a the main raw material for the agar
   industry. Net primary productivity calculated with it and from biomass
   variations over a yearly period, gave similar results. The results
   obtained suggest that biomass dynamics and productivity are more
   sensitive to the light extinction coefficient than to the initial
   biomass conditions for the model. Model results also suggest that
   biomass losses due to respiration and exudation are comparable to those
   resulting from mortality and frond breakage. During winter, a
   significant part of the simulated population has a negative net
   productivity. The importance of considering different parameters in the
   productivity light relationships in order to account for their seasonal
   variability is demonstrated with the model results. The model was
   implemented following an object oriented programming approach. The
   programming methodology allows a fast adaptation of the model to other
   species without major software development. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science
   B.V.
PD MAY 30
PY 1997
VL 98
IS 2-3
BP 199
EP 214
UT ISI:A1997XB93600009
ER

PT J
AU Spear, LB
   Ainley, DG
TI Flight speed of seabirds in relation to wind speed and direction SO IBIS LA English DT Article AB We studied flight speed among all major seabird taxa. Our objectives
   were to provide further insight into dynamics of seabird flight and to
   develop allometric equations relating ground speed to wind speed and
   direction for use in adjusting seabird density estimates (calculated
   from surveys at sea) for the effect of bird movement. We used
   triangulation at sea to estimate ground speeds of 1562 individuals of
   98 species. Species sorted into 25 ''groups'' based on similarity in
   ground speeds and taxonomy. After they were controlled for differences
   in ground speed, the 25 groups sorted into eight major ''types'' on the
   basis of response to wind speed and wind direction. Wind speed and
   direction explained 16-64% of the variation in ground speed among
   seabird types. For analyses on air speed (ground speed minus apparent
   wind speed), we divided the 25 groups according to four night styles:
   gliding, flap-gliding, glide-napping and napping. Tailwind speed had
   little effect on air speed of gliders (albatrosses and large gadfly
   petrels), but species that more often used napping decreased air speed
   with increase in tailwinds. All species increased air speeds
   significantly with increased headwinds. Gliders showed the greatest
   increase relative to increase in headwind speed and flappers the least,
   With tailwind night, air speeds were greatest among species with
   highest wing loading for each flight style except gliders, which showed
   no relationship. For headwind flight, species with higher wing loading
   had higher air speeds; however, the relation was weaker in flappers
   compared with species using some amount of gliding. In contrast,
   analyses for air speed ratio (i.e. difference between air speed in
   acrosswinds [with no apparent wind] and speed flown into headwinds, or
   with tailwinds, divided by speed acrosswind) revealed that among
   species using some napping, and with lower wing loading
   (surface-feeding shearwaters, small gadfly petrels, storm petrels,
   phalaropes, gulls and terns), adjusted air speeds more than those with
   higher wing loading (alcids, ''diving shearwaters''. ''Manx-type
   shearwaters'', pelicans, boobies and cormorants). As a result, most
   flappers of low wing loading flew much faster than V-mr (the most
   energy efficient air speed per distance flown) when flying into
   headwinds. We suggest that better-than-predicted gliding performance
   with acrosswinds and tailwinds of large gadfly petrels, compared with
   albatrosses, resulted from a different type of ''soaring'' not
   previously described in seabirds.
PD APR
PY 1997
VL 139
IS 2
BP 234
EP 251
UT ISI:A1997WU99100002
ER

PT J
AU Ohman, MD
   Aksnes, DL
   Runge, JA
TI The interrelationship of copepod fecundity and mortality
SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY
LA English
DT Article
AB The fecundity of copepod species that carry attached eggs is commonly
   assessed by the egg ratio (eggs female(-1)), whereas the fecundity of
   broadcast-spawning copepods is assessed by measures of daily per capita
   rates of egg production. Variability in these measures, when corrected
   for temperature and allometric relationships with body size of adult
   females, is often assumed to reflect variability in food supply in
   nature and to thus provide an index of food limitation of population
   growth and of secondary production. We shaw that the measured fecundity
   of both brooding and broadcast-spawning copepods is affected by the
   mortality rate of adult females. We recognize three reproductive stages
   of adult female copepods: prereproductive, reproductive, and
   postreproductive. Mortality affects realized fecundity by shifting the
   relative abundance levels in these stages. Changes in mortality rates
   can generate substantial temporal variations in measured fecundity,
   even for copepods that are unlimited by ambient food supply and
   reproduce al physiological maximum rates. To correct for the effects of
   mortality on realized fecundity precise experimental determination of
   the reproductive schedule of adult females is needed, along with
   measures of mortality rates in nature.
PD NOV
PY 1996
VL 41
IS 7
BP 1470
EP 1477
UT ISI:A1996WU27300010
ER

PT J
AU Kalchev, RK
   Beshkova, MB
   Boumbarova, CS
   Tsvetkova, RL
   Sais, D
TI Some allometric and non-allometric relationships between
   chlorophyll-alpha and abundance variables of phytoplankton SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article AB We analysed data from three Bulgarian reservoirs, with trophic status
   from meso to eutrophic. Two kinds of relations (non-allometric and
   allometric) of chlorophyll with phytoplankton density, biovolume and
   surface area were investigated. The non-allometric relationships
   compare these phytoplankton variables with chlorophyll-a concentration,
   while the allometric ones include comparisons of average individual
   volume (AIV) of phytoplankters with chlorophyll-a content per
   individual (Chl.N-1), per unit biovolume (Chl.BV-1) and per unit
   surface area (Chl.SA(-1)).
   Maximum values of the rank correlation of the three non-allometric
   relationships were found in the eutrophic reservoir. The highest
   allometric correlation coefficients were observed in the mesotrophic
   reservoir. Two non-allometric relationships, Chi with N and Chl ith BV
   calculated on unified data from all three reservoirs showed lower
   significance and a non-linear character. Chl-SA relationship was always
   statistically significant and varied from linear to slightly non-linear
   when calculated on weighed values. Two allometric relationships, AIV
   with Chl.BV-1 and AIV with Chl.N-1 seem to be linear. A third AIV and
   Chl.SA(-1) was described by a polinomial of the second degree,
   indicating that the smallest and largest phytoplankton individuals have
   a similar chlorophyll content per unit surface area. At the highest
   trophy, the Chl.SA(-1) seemed lowest.
   The frequently investigated relationship between chlorophyll-a and
   biovolume ranged from statistically not significant in the mesotrophic
   to highly significant in the eutrophic reservoir. This tendency was
   generalized by obtaining a statistically significant rank correlation
   between the levels of significance of chlorophyll-biovolume
   correlations and the corresponding chlorophyll-a concentrations. The
   non-linear character of the chlorophyll-biovolume relationship over a
   wide range of trophy was probably caused by changes in surface
   area-biovolume ratio.
PD DEC 27
PY 1996
VL 341
IS 3
BP 235
EP 245
UT ISI:A1996WT11300005
ER

PT J
AU Jurgens, K
   Wickham, SA
   Rothhaupt, KO
   Santer, B
TI Feeding rates of macro- and microzooplankton on heterotrophic
   nanoflagellates
SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY
LA English
DT Article
AB Thirteen metazooplankton and three ciliate species were examined for
   their ability to prey on heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF). Grazing
   losses of two species of HNF, Bodo saltans (kinetoplastid) and Spumella
   sp. (chrysomonad), were estimated in batch experiments by the
   disappearance of HNF in the presence or absence of predators. Nearly
   all species examined caused mortality of HNF, but to different extents.
   Individual clearance rates ranged from a few mu l ind.(-1) h(-1) with
   ciliates and rotifers to a few ml ind.(-1) h(-1) with daphnids.
   Weight-specific clearance rates revealed that oligotrichous ciliates
   were the most efficient feeders on HNF, whereas differences among the
   filter-feeding metazoans (rotifers, calanoid copepods, cladocerans)
   were relatively slight. Cyclopoid copepods had the lowest
   weight-specific clearance rates and can be assumed to be inefficient
   grazers on HNF. Clearance rates of filter-feeders increased
   significantly with body length. These rates resemble the allometric
   relationships of herbivorous zooplankton feeding on phytoplankton.
   Although four grazer species had higher feeding rates on the bodonid
   than on the chrysomonad flagellates, the overall clearance rate: body
   length relationship was independent of the HNF species.
PD DEC
PY 1996
VL 41
IS 8
BP 1833
EP 1839
UT ISI:A1996WR06100022
ER

PT J
AU Cargnelli, LM
   Gross, MR
TI Fish energetics: Larger individuals emerge from winter in better
   condition
SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY
LA English
DT Article
AB We tested the hypothesis that larger individuals in a temperate fish
   population emerge from winter in better energetic condition than do
   smaller individuals. We sampled adult male bluegills Lepomis
   macrochirus in Lake Opinicon, Ontario, after spring ice break and just
   before active feeding began. By extracting neutral and membrane-bound
   polar lipids, we estimated the energetic condition of each individual.
   We found that both the mass of lipids and the lipids per gram of body
   weight were significantly and positively correlated with body size.
   These results are attributed to the allometric relationships between
   body size and energy reserves and between body size and metabolic rate.
   Body size, therefore, profoundly affects energetic state, which may
   explain why individuals of different size vary in their reproductive
   behavior and survivorship.
PD JAN
PY 1997
VL 126
IS 1
BP 153
EP 156
UT ISI:A1997WK86900013
ER

PT J
AU Lorenzen, K
TI The relationship between body weight and natural mortality in juvenile
   and adult fish: A comparison of natural ecosystems and aquaculture SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Review AB The relationship between body weight and natural mortality in juvenile
   and adult fish was analysed for different aquatic ecosystems: lakes,
   rivers, the ocean, and pond, cage and tank aquaculture systems.
   Mortality was modelled as a power function of weight, and the
   parameters b (exponent) and M(u) (mortality at the unit weight of 1 g)
   estimated for fish in the six ecosystems, as well as within selected
   populations, species and families. At the ecosystem level, no
   significant differences in parameters were found between lakes, rivers
   and the ocean and a joint mortality-weight relationship for all natural
   ecosystems was estimated with parameters b = -0.288 (90% CL[ -0.315, -
   0.261]) and M(u) = 3.00 (90% CL[2.70, 3.30]) year(-1). Among the
   culture systems, mortality-weight relationships in ponds and cages were
   not significantly different and a joint relationship was estimated. The
   weight exponents of mortality in ponds/cages and tanks were very
   similar at about b = -0.43, and significantly more negative than in
   natural ecosystems. Mortalities at unit weight were significantly lower
   in tanks (0.91 year(-1)) than in ponds/cages (2.24 year(-1)), and both
   were significantly lower than in natural ecosystems. No systematic
   differences were found between the mortality-weight relationships
   determined for individual populations, species or families, and fish in
   the respective ecosystems. It is hypothesized that aquaculture
   mortality-weight relationships indicate the allometric scaling of
   non-predation mortality, which is therefore more strongly size
   dependent than predation mortality. If non-predation mortality in
   natural ecosystems shows a similar scaling with body weight, then the
   allometric exponent of predation mortality must be less negative than
   that observed for total natural mortality. Implications of the
   established mortality-weight relationships for aquaculture and
   culture-based fisheries are discussed. (C) 1996 The Fisheries Society
   of the British Isles
PD OCT
PY 1996
VL 49
IS 4
BP 627
EP 647
UT ISI:A1996VR40200007
ER

PT J
AU Hogarth, PJ
   Barratt, LA
TI Size distribution, maturity and fecundity of the spiny lobster
   Panulirus penicillatus (Olivier 1791) in the Red Sea
SO TROPICAL ZOOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Panulirus penicillatus (Olivier 1791), although widely distributed and
   locally abundant, is a relatively little known species of spiny
   lobster. Lobsters (n = 355) were caught by trapping in the Saudi Red
   Sea between Port Sharma and Yanbu. For a subsample of 60 of these,
   measurements were made of carapace length (CL), length of 2nd and 3rd
   pereiopods, and the number of eggs carried by ovigerous females. The
   allometric relationship between CL and the lengths of the second and
   3rd pereiopods differs after sexual maturity, and between males and
   females: allometry of leg length can therefore be used to estimate the
   size of sexual maturity. Saudi P. penicillatus appear to mature at
   carapace lengths of 40-50 mm. The relationship between CL and egg
   number is given by the equation E = 7.43 (CL)(2.30). Size distribution
   and fecundity were combined to indicate the relative contribution to
   reproduction of different size classes. In both size distribution and
   size-specific fecundity, the Saudi Red Sea population studied resembled
   populations in the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) and the Philippines, but
   differed markedly from populations in Palau and Enewetak.
PD NOV
PY 1996
VL 9
IS 2
BP 399
EP 408
UT ISI:A1996VR45300008
ER

PT J
AU Ricklefs, RE
   Konarzewski, M
   Daan, S
TI The relationship between basal metabolic rate and daily energy
   expenditure in birds and mammals
SO AMERICAN NATURALIST
LA English
DT Article
AB We examined the relationship between daily energy expenditure (DEE) and
   basal metabolic rate (BMR) in birds and mammals. Two models of the
   relationship between DEE and BMR were distinguished: a ''shared
   pathways'' model in which DEE replaces BMR in the active organism and a
   ''partitioned pathways'' model in which DEE includes BMR-that is, BMR
   is separate from the metabolic pathways that result in activity
   metabolism (ACT), and DEE = ACT + BMR. The appropriate null hypotheses
   for the relationship between basal and active metabolism are r(DEE .
   BMR) = 0 and r(ACT . BMR) = 0, respectively. Correlations of the
   residuals (d and b) of the logarithms of DEE and BMR from their
   allometric regressions with the logarithm of body mass were tested
   against these null models. Using phylogenetically independent
   contrasts, we found no significant relationship between DEE and BMR in
   birds, but a strong relationship (r(db) = 0.86) among mammals. Thus,
   the hypothesis that sustained working capacity is related to basal
   metabolism is supported for mammals but not for birds. Residuals of
   metabolic variables from allometric regressions on body mass were
   greater for mammals than for birds and suggest that mammals are more
   diversified in their energetic physiology. The idea that sustainable
   energy expenditure may be pushed to physiological limits in mammals but
   not in birds is not supported, however, because the ratio of DEE to BMR
   has a somewhat lower mean and greater variance in mammals compared to
   birds. The nature of the relationship between DEE and BMR in mammals
   and the apparent absence of such a relationship in birds remain major
   puzzles in animal physiology.
PD JUN
PY 1996
VL 147
IS 6
BP 1047
EP 1071
UT ISI:A1996UP97600009
ER

PT J
AU Taper, ML
   Marquet, PA
TI How do species really divide resources?
SO AMERICAN NATURALIST
LA English
DT Article
AB We show that the relationship between variance in population energy use
   and variance in species abundance depends critically on the model of
   causal relationships among metabolic rate, body size, and population
   density assumed, provided that they specify alternative paths of error
   propagation. It has been claimed that the allometric relationship
   between population density and body size indicates that species within
   communities use resources less equitably than would be inferred from a
   particular species abundance distribution. Our analysis of 41 local
   bird communities shows that this claim is supported only if it is
   assumed that both body size and metabolic rate are a consequence of
   population density. A more realistic model that assumes a causal role
   for body size as affecting metabolic rate and population density
   provides estimates of variance in population energy use that closely
   match the pattern of variance in population density. This implies that
   the apportionment of individuals and resources, among species, are
   equivalent processes.
PD JUN
PY 1996
VL 147
IS 6
BP 1072
EP 1086
UT ISI:A1996UP97600010
ER

PT J
AU Markager, S
   SandJensen, K
TI Implications of thallus thickness for growth irradiance relationships
   of marine macroalgae
SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB We have tested the importance of thallus thickness in marine macroalgae
   for the growth-irradiance relationship measured in the laboratory and
   for the maximum growth rate measured in the field. We found large
   differences in the growth-irradiance relationship depending on the
   biomass parameter (surface area, fresh weight, carbon content) applied.
   Use of carbon content yielded meaningful reproducible patterns and it
   appeared to be the most suitable descriptor of plant energetics.
   Surface area and fresh weight increased in the dark despite loss of
   carbon in the plant tissue. The growth kinetic parameters were closely
   related to thallus thickness, here described as thallus-specific carbon
   (TSC, mol tissue C m(-2) surface area). Both the loss rates in the dark
   and the growth rates in carbon biomass at low and high irradiance
   decreased with increasing TSC of the species. The decline in growth
   rate with increasing TSC was described by the allometric equation
   log(growth rate) = a + b x log(TSC). The slope, b, was between -0.50
   and -0.52 in field data derived from 30-34 species of macroalgae. In
   similar descriptions of maximum photosynthesis at high light (as a
   function of TSC) derived from the literature, b was between -0.47 and
   -0.80. The relationships between growth and TSC and photosynthesis and
   TSC were, however, weak for thin species, and thus resemble the weaker
   size dependence of growth previously described for unicellular algae.
   TSC is recommended as a suitable continuous variable to describe the
   relationship between thallus form and growth and metabolism in marine
   macroalgae which can be extended to microalgae.
PD FEB
PY 1996
VL 31
IS 1
BP 79
EP 87
UT ISI:A1996UA49100011
ER

PT J
AU Atkinson, A
TI Subantarctic copepods in an oceanic, low chlorophyll environment:
   Ciliate predation, food selectivity and impact on prey populations SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article AB Copepod feeding rates and food selectivity were measured at an oceanic
   subantarctic site over 5 d in February 1994. A series of gut
   fluorescence and gut evacuation experiments was carried out for species
   ranging in size from Oithona similis to PIeuromamma robusta. The
   copepods were also incubated in ambient seawater to compare their
   clearance rates on ciliates, diatoms and total chlorophyll a (chi a),
   using microscope counts and chlorophyll budgets. Mesozooplankton were
   concentrated into the top 50 m layer where biomass was high (5.5 g dry
   mass m(-2)) and comprised mainly (65%) of copepods. Copepod biomass was
   dominated by copepodite CV of Calanus simillimus. Numerically, however,
   Oithona spp. (mainly O. similis) constituted 85% of the copepods. These
   2 species dominated copepod grazing and contributed to community
   grazing in about equal proportions. Chi a concentrations were low
   (similar to 0.7 mg m(-3)) and were comprised of mostly nano- and
   picoplankton. Low daily phytoplankton carbon rations were derived from
   the 2 methods which measured total chi a consumption. These ranged from
   1.5% (CVI female C. simillimus) to 34% of body carbon (late stage
   copepodites of Oithona spp.). These values were generally well below
   their estimated respiratory requirements, and probably reflected
   phytoplankton shortage because clearance rates were fairly high.
   Clearance rates for total chi a in the incubations tended to be less
   than those for the counted taxa >10 mu m, suggesting that some of the
   chi a was in cells too small to be eaten. Feeding selectivity followed
   a similar pattern across the 4 incubations. Highest clearance rates
   were on ciliates (similar to 15 mu m), dinoflagellates (similar to 20
   mu m) or the diatom Corethron sp. (similar to 200 mu m). Ciliates and
   dinoflagellates were cleared faster than centric diatoms of similar
   overall dimensions. It is suggested that the copepods were preying on
   protozoans preferentially, in response to phytoplankton shortage.
   Allometric relationships were used to derive the grazing and predation
   impact of the whole copepod community on primary production and
   estimated ciliate production. Less than 4% of primary production was
   removed per day. Copepod predation on ciliates was higher: 57% of daily
   production, assuming a net growth rate for ciliates of 0.1 d(-1). PD JAN PY 1996 VL 130 IS 1-3 BP 85 EP 96 UT ISI:A1996TW29500008 ER

PT J
AU Bonardelli, JC
   Himmelman, JH
TI Examination of assumptions critical to body component indices:
   Application to the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus
SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES
LA English
DT Article
AB Allometric relations of gonadal mass to shell height for the scallop
   Placopecten magellanicus from Bale des Chaleurs, Gulf of St. Lawrence,
   varied between maturing and fully mature individuals. We describe a
   technique for separating the two groups. We calculated gonosomatic
   indices for fully mature scallops and found that the three assumptions
   critical to body component indices, that (i) allometric relationships
   for the body component being studied and the reference component do not
   change over the size range of animals studied, (ii) slopes in the
   allometric growth equation for the studied and reference components are
   similar, and (iii) mass of the reference component does not change over
   time, were violated. We examined two alternative methods for
   calculating body component indices. The first applied a correction
   factor to the gonosomatic index and the second directly scaled the
   component studied to maximum shell height. We recommend the latter. We
   identified spawning (drops in gonadal mass) between successive dates
   using a modified Jonckheere rank test, which is appropriate for
   time-series data.
PD NOV
PY 1995
VL 52
IS 11
BP 2457
EP 2469
UT ISI:A1995TV24600015
ER

PT J
AU McGurk, MD
TI Allometry of marine mortality of Pacific salmon
SO FISHERY BULLETIN
LA English
DT Article
AB Rearing experiments have shown that instantaneous growth rate, G
   (d(-1)), of juvenile salmonids scales with body weight, W (g), as G =
   aW(-b), where b has an average value of 0.37. Research on nonsalmonid
   fishes has shown that instantaneous natural marine mortality rate, M
   (d(-1)), also scales with body weight as M = cW(-x), where x has an
   average value of 0.37. Therefore, if b - x similar to 0, then c < a.
   These two hypotheses were tested for Pacific salmon with data on
   smelt-adult survival, s, smelt weight, W-0 (g), and adult weight, W
   (g), taken from the scientific literature. A nonlinear regression of
   survival on weight was developed, on the basis of allometric marine
   growth: log(e)(s) = -(alpha/beta)(W-beta - W-0(beta)), where alpha =
   c/a and beta = b - x. The regression model explained 33% of the
   variance in mean log(e)(s) of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) with
   parameter values (+/- 1SD) of alpha = 0.226 +/- 1.171 and beta = 0.120
   +/- 0.990. The model explained 68% of the variance in the pooled mean
   log(e)(s) of pink (O. gorbuscha), chum (O. Keta), coho (O. Kisutch),
   and sockeye salmon, as well as steelhead trout (O. mykiss), with
   parameter values (+/- 1SD) of alpha = 0.528 +/- 0.490 and beta = -0.053
   +/- 0.221. The near-zero estimates of beta and the fractional estimates
   of alpha support the hypothesis that x similar to 0.37 and c < a.
   Therefore, the best estimate of M for Pacific salmon is M =
   0.528aW(-0.37), or, since a = G/W--0.37, M = 0.528G. These
   survival-size and mortality-size relationships may be used to make
   preliminary estimates of survival and mortality for wild populations of
   Pacific salmon.
PD JAN
PY 1996
VL 94
IS 1
BP 77
EP 88
UT ISI:A1996TR73500007
ER

PT J
AU Klaassen, M
TI Metabolic constraints on long-distance migration in birds
SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB The flight range of migrating birds depends crucially on the amount of
   fuel stored by the bird prior to migration or taken up en route at
   stop-over sites. However, an increase in body mass is associated with
   an increase in energetic costs, counteracting the benefit of fuel
   stores. Water imbalance, occurring when water loss exceeds metabolic
   water production, may constitute another less well recognised problem
   limiting flight range. The main route of water loss during flight is
   via the lungs; the rate of loss depends on ambient temperature,
   relative humidity and ventilatory flow and increases with altitude.
   Metabolite production results in an increased plasma osmolality, also
   endangering the proper functioning of the organism during flight.
   Energetic constraints and water-balance problems may interact in
   determining several aspects of flight behaviour, such as altitude of
   flight, mode of flight, lap distance and stop-over duration. To
   circumvent energetic and water-balance problems, a bird could migrate
   in short hops instead of long leaps if crossing of large ecological
   barriers can be avoided. However, although necessitating larger fuel
   stores and being more expensive, migration by long leaps may sometimes
   be faster than by short hops. Time constraints are also an important
   factor in explaining why soaring, which conserves energy and water,
   occurs exclusively in very large species: small birds can soar at low
   speeds only. Good navigational skills involving accurate orientation
   and assessment of altitude and air and ground speed assist in avoiding
   physiological stress during migration.
PD JAN
PY 1996
VL 199
IS 1
BP 57
EP 64
UT ISI:A1996TQ56800009
ER

PT J
AU Santos, S
   NegreirosFransozo, ML
   Padovani, CR
TI Relationship between the body weight and the carapace width of the
   swimming crab Portunus spinimanus Latreille, 1819 (Decapoda, Portunidae) SO ARQUIVOS DE BIOLOGIA E TECNOLOGIA LA Portuguese DT Article AB This work aimed to analyse the relationships between the weight and the
   carapace width of the swimming crab Portunus spinimanus Latreille,
   1819. For this purpose 740 specimens obtained by trawl from Ubatuba
   region, Brazil (23 degrees 26'S 45 degrees 03'W) were studied. The
   carapace width (LC), except the lateral spines, the body weight (PT)
   and the chelipeds weight (PQ) were measured and the plottings were
   visually analysed. After this the relationships PT x LC and PQ x LC
   were adjusted to a power function and the allometric coefficients
   determined. The relative growth of PT x LC in P. spinimanus can be
   represented by PT = 10(-4) LC(3,33) for males and PT = 10(-4) LC(3,13)
   for females. The regression PQ in function of LC can be represented bu
   PQ = 4x10(-6) LC(3,69) for males and PQ = 2x10(-5) LC(3,24) for
   females. The results obtained for this species compared with other
   portunid studies reveals that it presents a highest allometric
   coefficent evidencing a good fishery resource.
PY 1995
VL 38
IS 3
BP 715
EP 724
UT ISI:A1995TP45800005
ER

PT S
AU Jungers, WL
   Falsetti, AB
   Wall, CE
TI Shape, relative size, and size-adjustments in morphometrics SO YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, 1995 SE YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY LA English DT Review AB Many problems in comparative biology and biological anthropology
   require meaningful definitions of ''relative size'' and ''shape.'' Here
   we review the distinguishing features of ratios and residuals and their
   relationships to other methods of ''size-adjustment'' for continuous
   data. Eleven statistical techniques are evaluated in reference to one
   broadly interspecific data set (craniometrics of adult Old World
   monkeys) and one narrowly intraspecific data set (anthropometrics of
   adult Native American males). Three different types of residuals are
   compared to three versions of shape ratios, and these are contrasted to
   ''cscores,'' Penrose shape, and multivariate adjustments based on the
   first principal component of the logged variance-covariance matrix; all
   methods are also compared to raw and logged raw data. In order to help
   us identify appropriate methods for size-adjustment, geometrically
   similar or ''isometric'' versions of the male vervet and the Inuit male
   were created by scalar multiplication of all variables. The geometric
   mean of all variables is used as overall ''size'' throughout this
   investigation, but our conclusions would be the same for most other
   size variables.
   Residual adjustments failed to correctly identify individuals of the
   same shape in both samples. Like residuals, cscores are also
   sample-specific and incorrectly attribute different shape values to
   individuals known to be identical in shape. Multivariate ''residuals''
   (e.g., discarding the first principal component and Burnaby's method)
   are plagued by similar problems. If one of the goals of an analysis is
   to identify individuals (OTUs) of the same shape after accounting for
   overall size differences, then none of these methods can be
   recommended. We also reject the assertion that size-adjusted variables
   should be uncorrelated with size or ''size-free''; rather, whether or
   not shape covaries with size is an important empirical determination in
   any analysis. Without explicit similarity criteria, ''lines of
   subtraction'' can be very misleading.
   Only variables in the Mosimann family of shape ratios allowed us to
   identify different sized individuals of the same shape (''iso-OTUs'').
   Residuals from isometric lines in logarithmic space, projections of
   logged data onto a plane orthogonal to an isometric vector, and Penrose
   shape distance based on logged data are also part of this shape family.
   Shape defined in this manner can be significantly correlated with size
   in allometric data sets (e.g., guenon craniometrics); ratio shape
   differences may be largely independent of size in narrowly
   intraspecific or intrasexual data sets (e.g., Native American
   anthropometrics). Log-transformations of shape variables are not always
   necessary or desirable. We hope our findings encourage other workers to
   question the assumptions and utility of residuals as size-adjusted data
   and to explore shape and relative size within Mosimann's explicitly
   geometric framework. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PY 1995
VL 38
BP 137
EP 161
UT ISI:A1995BE32L00006
ER

PT J
AU COWLES, DL
   CHILDRESS, JJ
TI AEROBIC METABOLISM OF THE ANGLERFISH MELANOCETUS-JOHNSONI, A
   DEEP-PELAGIC MARINE SIT-AND-WAIT PREDATOR
SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS
LA English
DT Article
AB Melanocetus johnsoni (Teleostei:Melanocetidae), a bathypelagic marine
   sit-and-wait predatory fish captured off Hawaii, has an average aerobic
   metabolism of 0.486 mu mol O-2 g(-1) h(-1), a rate much lower than that
   of more active species from similar depths but similar to that of other
   sit-and-wait predators. Larger individuals have a lower mass-specific
   metabolic rate than do small ones (the slope of the allometric
   relationship between wet mass and mass-specific metabolism is -0.46).
   This species, a resident of the oxygen minimum layer, is capable of
   regulating its oxygen consumption down to the lowest oxygen pressures
   encountered in its environment off Hawaii, and can also survive for
   hours under severely hypoxic or anaerobic conditions.
PD SEP
PY 1995
VL 42
IS 9
BP 1631
EP 1638
UT ISI:A1995TD80600007
ER

PT J
AU VIDELER, JJ
TI CONSEQUENCES OF WEIGHT DECREASE ON FLIGHT PERFORMANCE DURING MIGRATION SO ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Migrating birds, flying nonstop over long distances, are substantially
   heavier at the start than at the end of their journey. Aerodynamic
   models predict that these birds would optimally have to fly faster in
   the beginning of their flight, and end at a slower speed. Energy
   expenditure would be extremely high in the beginning, decreasing
   towards the end. Trained kestrels fly slower when carrying a load,
   generating the required extra Lift by changing the wingbeat kinematics.
   An allometric equation, describing the relationship between empirically
   derived flight costs at the maximum range speed and body mass, is used
   to calculate the flight range of a wader that loses more than 60% of
   its lean body weight during migration. Flight speed predictions are
   based on the kestrel data. Results of this novel approach are shown to
   provide more realistic predictions than those based on an aerodynamic
   model.
PY 1995
VL 41
IS 3
BP 343
EP 355
UT ISI:A1995TC62400012
ER

PT J
AU KOROL, RL
   RUNNING, SW
   MILNER, KS
TI INCORPORATING INTERTREE COMPETITION INTO AN ECOSYSTEM MODEL SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE
   FORESTIERE
LA English
DT Article
AB Current research suggests that projected climate change may influence
   the growth of individual trees. Therefore, growth and yield models that
   can respond to potential changes in climate must be developed.
   TREE-BGC, a variant of the ecosystem process model FOREST-BGC,
   calculates the cycling of carbon, water, and nitrogen in and through
   forested ecosystems. TREE-BGC allocates stand-level estimates of
   photosynthesis to each tree using a competition algorithm that
   incorporates tree height, relative radiation-use efficiency, and
   absorbed photosynthetically active radiation. TREE-BGC simulated the
   growth of trees grown in a dense and an open stand of interior
   Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France) near Kamloops, B.C.
   The competition algorithm dynamically allocated stand estimates of
   photosynthesis to individual trees, and the trees were grown using an
   allometric relationship between biomass increment and height and
   diameter increment. Asymptotic height growth and the changes in the
   height-diameter relationship with competition were also incorporated in
   the model algorithms. Sapwood and phloem volume were used to calculate
   maintenance respiration. Predicted reductions in diameter growth with
   stand density were similar to those observed in the study stands.
   Although the carbon balance of individual trees was not tested,
   simulated tree diameter increments and height increments were
   correlated with the actual measurements of tree diameter increment
   (r(2) = 0.89) and tree height increment (r(2) = 0.78) for the 5-year
   period (n = 352). Although the model did not work well with trees that
   had diameters <5 cm, the model would be appropriate for a user who
   required an accuracy of +/-0.03 m(3) . ha(-1) for volume, +/-0.02 m(2)
   . ha(-1) for basal area, or +/-0.4 m for tree height over a 5-year
   period.
PD MAR
PY 1995
VL 25
IS 3
BP 413
EP 424
UT ISI:A1995QY71600006
ER

PT J
AU ENRIQUEZ, S
   DUARTE, CM
   SANDJENSEN, K
TI PATTERNS IN THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC METABOLISM OF MEDITERRANEAN MACROPHYTES SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article AB Here we examine the relationship between the photosynthetic performance
   of a wide range of Mediterranean marine macrophyte species (5
   angiosperms and 18 macroalgae of widely different size and growth
   form), and several descriptors of the photosynthetic tissue such as
   thickness, chlorophyll a (chl a) and nutrient (C, N, P) content. The
   photosynthetic performance of the plants is described by their
   photosynthesis-irradiance curves, either as continuous functions, or as
   the individual parameters defining the curves. Our results demonstrate
   a strong relationship between the photosynthetic efficiency (alpha)
   measured at low light and the photosynthetic rate at saturating light
   (P-max), and show alpha to be closely related to differences in tissue
   thickness and chl a concentration among the marine macrophytes
   examined. The interaction between thickness and chl a concentration in
   the regulation of alpha is parallel to their interaction in the
   regulation of light absorption properties. Tissue thickness and pigment
   concentration not only explained variation in individual photosynthetic
   parameters (P-max and alpha), but were also able to summarise
   differences in the response of photosynthesis to irradiance. The strong
   relationship between tissue thickness and photosynthetic performance
   lend support to the important adaptive role attributed to the thickness
   of marine macrophyte tissues in the past. This importance of thickness
   extends beyond the regulation of plant productivity to the resistance
   to grazing, mechanical damage and the longevity of the tissue.
   Considering previous demonstrations of the functional importance of
   thickness for phytoplankton and for land plants, we suggest the
   existence of a general relationship between tissue thickness and the
   photosynthetic performance of photosynthetic organisms.
PD MAR
PY 1995
VL 119
IS 1-3
BP 243
EP 252
UT ISI:A1995QR92700022
ER

PT J
AU SANTOS, R
TI SIZE STRUCTURE AND INEQUALITY IN A COMMERCIAL STAND OF THE SEAWEED
   GELIDIUM-SESQUIPEDALE
SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES
LA English
DT Article
AB The temporal dynamics of the frequency distributions of 2 measures of
   Gelidium sesquipedale frond size, length and weight, was investigated
   in a subtidal stand under commercial exploitation. Frond weight/length
   allometry was highly variable, both seasonally and between years,
   showing that in this species weight and length cannot be used
   interchangeably as a measure of frond size. Physical disturbances
   played a fundamental role in allometric variability. The loss of
   branches due to commercial harvest and storms reduced the slope of the
   log weight/log length relationship. During spring the slope increased,
   indicating the production and growth of lateral branches. Size
   differences among individuals in the population (inequality) were
   quantified by 3 statistics: the skewness coefficient (g(1)), the
   coefficient of variation (CV), and the Gini coefficient (G). Highly
   significant changes in frond length inequality, but not weight, were
   shown. These correspond to periods when G. sesquipedale length
   structure varied due to the combined effects of the demographic
   parameters that regulate the population (frond recruitment, survival,
   breakage and growth). Graphical analysis of significantly different
   length structures revealed that a recruitment peak of vegetatively
   developed fronds occurred during winter, following periods of high
   frond mortality and breakage caused by both human (summer harvesting)
   and natural (late fall storms) disturbances. During late spring and
   summer, the density of smaller fronds decreased due to mortality and
   growth into higher size classes. To assess density-dependent regulation
   processes, such as suppressed growth of smaller fronds and
   self-thinning, the time variation of both relationships,
   inequality/mean frond weight and biomass/density, was analysed.
   Inequality/mean frond weight and biomass/density values decreased from
   summer to winter and increased to the following summer. The increase of
   inequality while mean frond weight is increasing is consistent with the
   asymmetric competition theory on the development of crowded plant
   stands, and supports the hypothesis that the slower growth of smaller
   fronds during this period (Santos 1994; Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 107:
   295-305) is due to intraspecific competition. The time trajectory of
   the biomass/density relationship is perpendicular to and lies above the
   theoretical self-thinning line. Evidence for self-thinning was thus not
   detected. A conceptual model for the functioning of this population is
   proposed. Thinning and frond breakage caused by disturbances might be
   keeping intraspecific competition in these G. sesquipedale crowded
   stands (up to 18 000 fronds m(-2)) at low levels.
PD MAR
PY 1995
VL 119
IS 1-3
BP 253
EP 263
UT ISI:A1995QR92700023
ER

PT J
AU PEPIN, P
TI AN ANALYSIS OF THE LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP OF LARVAL FISH -
   LIMITATIONS OF THE GENERAL ALLOMETRIC MODEL
SO FISHERY BULLETIN
LA English
DT Note
PD APR
PY 1995
VL 93
IS 2
BP 419
EP 426
UT ISI:A1995QR39200020
ER

PT J
AU HANSEN, B
   CHRISTOFFERSEN, K
TI SPECIFIC GROWTH-RATES OF HETEROTROPHIC PLANKTON ORGANISMS IN A
   EUTROPHIC LAKE DURING A SPRING BLOOM
SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH
LA English
DT Article
AB The in situ growth of the dominating pelagic organisms at several
   trophic levels was investigated during a spring bloom characterized by
   well-mixed cold water. The study includes primary production and the
   carbon flow through the nano-, micro- and mesozooplankton populations
   based on population dynamics and specific growth rates. The
   phytoplankton biomass and production were totally dominated by small
   algae <20 mu m, of which similar to 5% were <3 mu m, potentially a food
   source for the nano- and microzooplankton. The mean carbon-specific
   primary production was 0.15 day(-1) and was regulated solely by light.
   The mean volume-based specific growth rate of bacterioplankton was
   modest, 0.1 day(-1), and probably controlled by the low temperature.
   The volume-based specific growth rates of heterotrophic
   nanoflagellates, ciliates, rotifers and copepods were 0.35, 0.13, 0.16
   and 0.03 day(-1), respectively. The observed growth of the
   heterotrophic plankton was generally not food limited, but was
   controlled by temperature. The stable temperature during the experiment
   therefore allows a cross-taxonomic comparison of specific growth rates.
   The b exponent in the allometric relationship (G = aV(b)) between
   volume-specific growth rate (G) and individual body size (V) was -0.15
   +/- 0.03 for all filtrating zooplankton, indicating an in situ scaling
   not far from the physiological principles originally demonstrated for
   laboratory populations.
PD FEB
PY 1995
VL 17
IS 2
BP 413
EP 430
UT ISI:A1995QK99700013
ER

PT J
AU LEFORT, Y
TI GROWTH AND MORTALITY OF THE TROPICAL SCALLOPS - ANNACHLAMYS-FLABELLATA
   (BERNARDI), COMPTOPALLIUM-RADULA (LINNE) AND MIMACHLAMYS-GLORIOSA
   (REEVE) IN SOUTHWEST LAGOON OF NEW-CALEDONIA
SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH
LA English
DT Article
AB Major growth relationships were computed for Annachlanys flabellata,
   Comptopallium radula, and Mimachlamys gloriosa. The size-weight
   relationship for M. gloriosa is isometric; for other species studied,
   the relationship is decreasingly allometric. The edible part(muscle +
   gonad) represents about 50% of the fresh weight for the three species
   studied. The estimated parameters of Von Bertalanffy's equation on N
   capture-recapture measurements were estimated. Growth rate, during the
   year, is greatest when the temperature is increasing; it is reduced at
   maximum temperatures and remains stable during the cool season.
   Pectinids can be separated into two groups according to growth rate.
   Natural mortality was estimated for two species (C. radula and M.
   gloriosa) of pectinidae in Southwest Lagoon.
PD DEC
PY 1994
VL 13
IS 2
BP 539
EP 546
UT ISI:A1994QC15100026
ER

PT J
AU NELSON, K
   HUTCHINSON, ES
   LI, G
   SLY, FL
   HEDGECOCK, D
TI VARIATION IN LIFE-HISTORY AND MORPHOLOGY IN NORTHERN ANCHOVIES
   (ENGRAULIS-MORDAX)
SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article AB Individual, geographic, and interannual variation in morphometric and
   life-history traits was examined and related to environmental
   variables. In the winters of 1984 and 1985, 1,836 otolith-aged northern
   anchovies (Engraulis mordax) were obtained from 16 California-northern
   Baja California stations. Life-history characters were age, size (mean
   of logs of 11 morphometric measures), condition, and gonadosomatic
   index (GSI). Principal components analysis of 11 log-transformed
   morphometric traits adjusted for size and sex revealed five factors
   that summarized variation in (1) length of body, (2) length of jaw and
   operculum, (3) length of anal-fin base, (4) body depth, and (5) length
   of orbit and preorbital region. Independent variables used in further
   analyses were age, sex, size, year of sampling, year-class, distance
   offshore, CalCOFI line, depth of bottom, and sea-surface temperature at
   station. Within-station age-classes containing more than 13 fish were
   treated as independent subsamples (a total of 37).
   Morphometric factors, although independent of size, were found to
   reflect condition. Although GSI and condition were negatively
   correlated among ages within years, they were independent among
   subsamples. Only 0.7% of individual variation in GSI was attributable
   to sex. Although there was overall positive correlation of GSI and
   size, the allometric relationship of GSI with size within a subsample
   (GSI slope) was negatively correlated with subsample mean GSI,
   signifying individual variation in reaction-norm allometry.
   Spatial heterogeneity was unexpectedly large for all life-history and
   morphometric characters. Two temperature-correlated, mesoscale spatial
   patterns were found: (1) of size, GSI, and GSI slope; and (2) of
   condition, body depth, and body length. Pattern 2 resembled published
   satellite images of a recurrent pattern of phytoplankton-pigment
   concentration, reflecting primary production. A third pattern of
   negative correlation of jaw length with condition and body depth was
   independent of temperature, year, and other independent variables.
   Year-class- and temperature-related differences between 1984 and 1985
   samples suggested expected effects of the 1982-84 El Nino, but these
   were not cleanlyseparable from the much larger contributions of
   geographic variation. Heterogeneity within and among subsamples,
   particularly in jaw and anal-fin-base lengths, suggested heterogeneity
   of early environment, both among ages from the same station and within
   certain subsamples.
PD OCT
PY 1994
VL 35
BP 108
EP 120
UT ISI:A1994QB85400014
ER

PT J
AU HEWETT, SW
   KRAFT, CE
TI THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROWTH AND CONSUMPTION - COMPARISONS ACROSS
   FISH POPULATIONS
SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY
LA English
DT Article
AB Comparisons of growth rates and consumption rates among fish
   populations are not straightforward and are difficult to interpret in
   the absence of other information about the populations. Differences in
   temperature regimes, reproductive timing, activity cost, prey
   availability, caloric densities of predator and prey, and allometric
   effects of body size on metabolism are factors that can alter the
   direct effect of consumption rate on growth rate. We developed a method
   to elucidate relations between growth and consumption by correcting for
   allometric weight effects. Bioenergetics model simulations showed that
   when growth rate is regressed against consumption rate (on either an
   absolute or a relative basis), the relationship is confounded by the
   allometric effects of differences in body weight among the populations
   being compared. Regressing growth rates on the difference between
   actual and maintenance consumption rate corrects for most of the
   allometric effects. That regression can be used to determine whether
   growth rate differences are best explained by consumption (in
   conjunction with weight allometries), temperature regime differences,
   variable activity costs, or other factors. Bioenergetics models can be
   used to evaluate the relative importance of factors limiting growth for
   fish populations.
PD SEP
PY 1993
VL 122
IS 5
BP 814
EP 821
UT ISI:A1993MJ44000015
ER

PT J
AU KOVACS, KM
   LAVIGNE, DM
TI MATERNAL INVESTMENT IN OTARIID SEALS AND WALRUSES
SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE
LA English
DT Article
AB We examined neonatal size, growth rate during lactation, weaning mass,
   adult body mass, and the degree of polygyny among fur seals and sea
   lions (Otariidae) and walruses (Odobenidae). Observed patterns of
   maternal and sexual investment were compared with those reported for
   true seals (Phocidae) and for other mammals. There was a strong
   positive interspecific allometric relationship between mass at birth
   and maternal mass for otariid species (p < 0.001). The slope of this
   relationship was significantly different from that for phocid species
   (p < 0.001). All pinniped data were above the regression line for
   terrestrial mammals. Lactation was longer and growth rates were slower
   for otariid and odobenid species than for phocid species. The cyclic
   foraging pattern of lactating otariids allows for more flexibility in
   the duration of lactation than is possible in phocids. Such flexibility
   may serve as a buffer when food is scarce. The longer lactation period
   of otariids and walruses also permits offspring to develop swimming and
   foraging skills while still depending on their mothers for energy. The
   relationship of mass at weaning to maternal mass suggests a greater
   investment in each neonate in otariids and walruses than in phocids.
   The large body size and advanced state of development at weaning may be
   an adaptive response to predation pressure on otariids. Adult male
   otariids and walruses are larger than females and, in both families,
   the average birth mass, mass at weaning, and growth rate of male pups
   are greater than those of females. The ratio of body masses of male
   pups to female pups at birth and at weaning was not correlated with the
   degree of adult sexual dimorphism within species, despite a positive
   correlation between the ratio of body masses of adult males to adult
   females and the degree of polygyny across otariid species. PD OCT PY 1992 VL 70 IS 10 BP 1953 EP 1964 UT ISI:A1992JY06900011 ER

PT J
AU PROMISLOW, D
   CLOBERT, J
   BARBAULT, R
TI LIFE-HISTORY ALLOMETRY IN MAMMALS AND SQUAMATE REPTILES - TAXON-LEVEL
   EFFECTS
SO OIKOS
LA English
DT Article
AB Allometric studies in plants and animals have proven to be a growth
   industry over the last fifty years. More recently, there has been a
   renewal of interest in the change in allometric slopes with increasing
   taxonomic level. As with other traits that have been considered, life
   history traits show an increase both in slope and in level of
   significance with increasing taxonomic level among mammals. By
   contrast, among lizards. the absolute value of the allometric slopes
   for life history traits decreases with increasing taxonomic levels, and
   the relationships become less significant. We discuss a variety of
   possible explanations for the differences in taxon-level allometric
   relationships between lizards and mammals. We argue that future
   allometric studies, as well as life history studies in general, need to
   consider taxon-level information routinely.
PD NOV
PY 1992
VL 65
IS 2
BP 285
EP 294
UT ISI:A1992JT28000014
ER

PT J
AU ESCRIBANO, R
   MCLAREN, IA
TI TESTING HYPOTHESES OF EXPONENTIAL-GROWTH AND SIZE-DEPENDENT MOLTING
   RATE IN 2 COPEPOD SPECIES
SO MARINE BIOLOGY
LA English
DT Article
AB Individual copepodids from nature of the lipid-storing, monocyclic,
   diapausing Calanus glacialis, and from nature and laboratory culture of
   the non-storing, polycyclic Eurytemora herdmani (both collected new
   Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1987 and 1988) were reared in excess food at
   ca. 3 and 10-degrees-C. Soon after molts, prosome lengths and weights
   [total dry wt (TW) of E. herdmani; structural wt (SW) and estimated
   oil-sac wt (OSW) of C. glacialis] were measured. Stage durations were
   close to published temperature-dependent predictions; C. glacialis
   (almost all females) did not enter resting stages. Growth of body
   length was linear and of body weight (TW or SW) was exponential, with
   no sexual difference in E. herdmani. There were mixed effects of sizes
   on stage durations of individuals: weakly positive at 3-degrees-C (but
   not significant at ca. 10-degrees-C) for length and SW of C. glacialis
   and generally weakly negative for E. herdmani, except for TW at
   10-degrees-C. Body condition (residuals of log SW vs log length) of C.
   glacialis at ca. 10-degrees-C, unlike length or SW, was negatively
   related to stage duration. There was no relationship between
   length-corrected SW and OSW in C. glacialis. The various results appear
   to suggest that health was more important than allometric constraints
   on growth rates of individuals. However, copepods reared at
   temperatures very different from those previously experienced may show
   long-term adjustments of size, whereas development rates respond
   immediately. If so, only the weakly positive effects on stage durations
   of length of C. glacialis at ca. 3-degrees-C and of TW of E. herdmani
   at ca. 10-degrees-C may illustrate expectations under stable
   temperatures and adequate food in nature.
PD SEP
PY 1992
VL 114
IS 1
BP 31
EP 39
UT ISI:A1992JT23500004
ER

PT J
AU CYR, H
   PACE, ML
TI GRAZING BY ZOOPLANKTON AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO COMMUNITY STRUCTURE SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB Zooplankton can consume a substantial portion of the phytoplankton, but
   grazing rates are notoriously variable seasonally and among sites. We
   developed models relating grazing rates to characteristics of
   zooplankton communities, food concentration, and water temperature.
   Grazing rates were measured in 30 zooplankton communities that differed
   in biomass, size distribution, and taxonomic composition. Crustaceans
   grazed per day 2-21 % of the chlorophyll in algae <35-mu-m, which is
   within the range of most grazing rates measured in other studies.
   Grazing rates were positively related to zooplankton biomass and
   negatively related to food concentration, although much variation among
   communities remains unexplained (R2 = 0. 1 9-0.35). Surprisingly, we
   could not detect a general relationship between zooplankton size
   distribution and grazing rate. Communities dominated by large
   zooplankton (mostly Daphnia and Diaphanosoma) did not tend to have
   higher grazing rates than communities dominated by small zooplankton.
   Zooplankton taxonomic composition was significantly related to grazing
   rates but explained little variation among communities. Grazing rates
   calculated from published allometric equations were biased, usually
   overestimating phytoplankton removal by zooplankton.
PD JUL
PY 1992
VL 49
IS 7
BP 1455
EP 1465
UT ISI:A1992JE74700017
ER

PT J
AU WALKER, TI
TI FISHERY SIMULATION-MODEL FOR SHARKS APPLIED TO THE GUMMY SHARK,
   MUSTELUS-ANTARCTICUS GUNTHER, FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIAN WATERS SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB A dynamic pool simulation model is derived and applied to the gummy
   shark stock of the southern shark fishery. Inputs to the model are
   fishing effort reported by fishers for hooks and for gill-nets with
   mesh sizes of 6 inches (152 mm), 7 inches (178 mm) and 8 inches (203
   mm) along with estimates for growth, natural mortality, catchability,
   hook and gill-net mesh selectivity, size at maturity and fecundity of
   females, sex ratio at birth, and length-weight relationships.
   Growth is described by the von Bertalanffy equation; hook selectivity
   is constant with length for sharks recruited to the fishery; gill-net
   selectivity is based on the probability density distribution of the
   gamma function where selectivity varies with the mesh size of the
   gill-nets and the length of the sharks; number of births is related to
   the proportion of females mature at each length, and the relationship
   between number of births and maternal weight is linear; parturition is
   annual and time is standardized so that parturition occurs at the
   beginning of each year; sex ratio at birth is based on observations of
   a 1 : 1 sex ratio of embryos; and allometric weight-length is based on
   the power curve.
   Natural mortality of recruits, catchability, reproduction and growth
   parameters are held constant, but density-dependent natural mortality
   of pre-recruits is varied in proportion to stock abundance. The model
   is used to simulate effects of historical longline fishing effort and
   gill-net fishing effort for each mesh size on stock biomass, numbers of
   sharks in the stock, and numbers of births. The performance of the
   model is evaluated by comparing simulated annual catches and the
   simulated mean weight of sharks captured with annual catches reported
   by the fishers and the mean weight of sharks sampled in commercial
   landings. Uncertainties surrounding estimates of some of the parameters
   are discussed. Notwithstanding its shortcomings, the model indicates
   that the stock of gummy shark has been severely reduced and is in
   danger of further depletion unless immediate action is taken to reduce
   the commercial catch.
PY 1992
VL 43
IS 1
BP 195
EP 212
UT ISI:A1992HX19300016
ER

PT J
AU SAFRAN, P
TI THEORETICAL-ANALYSIS OF THE WEIGHT-LENGTH RELATIONSHIP IN FISH JUVENILES SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The weight-length relationship in fish juveniles was investigated
   theoretically, to assess the significance of the allometric factor and
   the validity of the condition factor; these biological factors often
   remain undetermined, because most fishery studies have been conducted
   for commercial-sized and/or adult populations. The exponent b
   (allometric factor) seemed to be the main parameter, performing a key
   role in the equation W = aL(b), where W = weight, a is a constant and L
   = length. The parameters a (condition factor) and K (ponderal index; K
   = 10(3) W/L3) were judged to be less important in comparative studies,
   since these parameters were closely correlated with b. It is
   recommended that the assumed theoretical value of b = 3 not be used in
   applied ichthyological surveys, since this value was rarely obtained in
   the studies, and since a much wider range is usually seen. These
   analyses led to a new working hypothesis - not yet verified - which
   opens a new approach to understanding the biological significance of
   the allometric factor. This approach involves the fractal theory (where
   b may be considered as a fractal dimension equivalent) linked to the
   theory of saltatory ontogeny [where b is a threshold characteristic in
   the (early) life history of fishes].
PD APR
PY 1992
VL 112
IS 4
BP 545
EP 551
UT ISI:A1992HR30600003
ER

PT J
AU DUARTE, CM
TI ALLOMETRIC SCALING OF SEAGRASS FORM AND PRODUCTIVITY
SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PROGRESS SERIES
LA English
DT Review
AB The implications of differences in plant size for seagrass productivity
   were examined based on an extensive compilation of data on architecture
   and growth of seagrass species. The analysis revealed strong allometric
   relationships between the size of different components, particularly a
   close scaling of the size of leaves, shoots, and fruits to rhizome
   diameter, as well as strong relationships between shoot size and the
   dynamics (e.g. turnover rate, plastochrone interval, and longevity) of
   seagrass leaves and rhizomes of different species. The decrease in
   rhizome elongation rates and leaf turnover rates with increasing
   seagrass size demonstrates the importance of architecture for seagrass
   productivity, and also provides explanations for the different
   ecological roles of small, colonizing species, and large, climax
   seagrass species. In addition, these results demonstrate that while
   habitat conditions have important influences on seagrass productivity,
   differences in size may explain the vast range of turnover times,
   plastochrone intervals, and module longevities, encountered among
   seagrass species.
PD NOV
PY 1991
VL 77
IS 2-3
BP 289
EP 300
UT ISI:A1991GV75600018
ER

PT J
AU PAGEL, MD
   HARVEY, PH
   GODFRAY, HCJ
TI SPECIES-ABUNDANCE, BIOMASS, AND RESOURCE-USE DISTRIBUTIONS SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article AB The allometric relationship across species between population density
   and body size determines whether community resource use is distributed
   more equitably, less equitably, or the same as inferred from the
   species-abundance distribution.  The relationship between body size and
   population density within the 72 natural communities that were studied
   typically takes a form in which community resource use is less
   equitably distributed than are the species' abundances.  Small-bodied
   species living at densities well below those predicted by allometric
   models use a much smaller share of the community resources than do
   larger-bodied species.  Knowledge of the ecological forces that
   determine the relationships between body size and population density
   within communities is central to understanding the patterns of
   community resource use.  Relationships between population density and
   body size that emerge at the community level may be explicable, at
   least in part, by evolutionary principles applied to characteristics of
   individuals of different sizes and ways of life.
PD OCT
PY 1991
VL 138
IS 4
BP 836
EP 850
UT ISI:A1991GU65900003
ER

PT J
AU KOTZE, JP
   VIVIER, FL
TI THE WIDTH COEFFICIENT-K - A NEW PARAMETER OF NUTRITIONAL-STATUS
   COMPARED TO OTHER ALLOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS
SO SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
LA English
DT Letter
PD JUN
PY 1986
VL 82
IS 6
BP 327
EP 329
UT ISI:A1986D450400020
ER

 Title: AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUSTAINED SWIMMING ABILITIES OF PRESETTLEMENT AND POSTSETTLEMENT CORAL-REEF FISHES
Author(s): STOBUTZKI IC, BELLWOOD DR
Source: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 175 (2): 275-286 FEB 15 1994
Document Type: Article
Language: English
Cited References: 30      Times Cited: 75       
Abstract: A portable apparatus was developed to assess the sustained swimming abilities of juvenile reef fishes. Trials with the apparatus demonstrated its utility in the field and its ability to achieve water speeds of up to 70 cm . s-1. The critical swimming speed (U(c)) of pre- and post-settlement juveniles of three tropical pomacentrid taxa [Dischistodus spp., Pomacentrus amboinensis Bleeker and Neopomacentrus bankieri (Richardson)] were measured. There was no difference among the taxa in the U(c) of pre-settlement juveniles, with average U(c) values of 37.0, 43.7 and 45.5 cm . s-1, respectively. However, the pre-settlement juveniles displayed significantly higher U(c) values than immediate post-settlement juveniles, with pooled means of 38.2 and 26.3 cm . s-1 for pre- and post-settlement juveniles, respectively. The post-settlement individuals of all three taxa displayed a similar allometric coefficient describing the relationship between U(c) and total length.
Author Keywords: LABRIFORM; LABROIDEI; LOCOMOTION; POMACENTRIDAE; SWIMMING SPEED
KeyWords Plus: GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; LARVAE
Addresses: STOBUTZKI IC (reprint author), JAMES COOK UNIV N QUEENSLAND, DEPT MARINE BIOL, TOWNSVILLE, QLD 4811 AUSTRALIA
Publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
Subject Category: ECOLOGY; MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY
IDS Number: MZ374
ISSN: 0022-0981

